Carvél Painting Glossary Q-T
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QUALITY ASSURANCE (QA) - Verification of the conformance of materials and methods of application to the governing specification in order to achieve a desired result.
QUALITY CONTROL (QC) - Administrative and engineering procedures employed to attain the desired level of quality assurance.
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RAILROADING - The application of wallcovering strips in a horizontal plane.
RANDOM MATCH - In wallcovering, a match of the design anywhere along the length of the strips.
REACTIVE DILUENT - A viscosity reducer for coatings which has low volatility and will become a permanent part of the coating through chemical reaction, usually under ambient conditions. It is used in high solids coatings to reduce the loss of organic solvents into the atmosphere.
RECOAT TIME - Time interval required between applications of successive coats.
REDUCE - To add a solvent or thinner to a coating, varnish, resin, latex, or emulsion for the purpose of lowering its viscosity and/or nonvolatile content.
REFLECTANCE - The ability of a coating film to reflect or return the light that falls upon its surface.
RELIEF - A decoration technique in which a design is made prominent by raising it or by cutting away the surface or background of the material. Shadow sometimes is used to create relief effect in wallcovering.
REMOVER - See PAINT REMOVER.
REPEAT - The distance from the center of one motif or pattern of a wallcovering to the center of the next.
REPLICA TAPE - A specially constructed tape used to measure surface profile. The tape is pressed against the surface, after which the impression created by the profile in the tape is measured with a micrometer.
RESIN - (1) General term applied to a wide variety of more or less transparent and fusible products, which may be natural or synthetic. They may vary widely in color. Higher molecular weight synthetic resins are more generally referred to as polymers. (2) In a broad sense, the term is used to designate any polymer that is a basic material for coatings and plastics. See also NATURAL RESIN, SYNTHETIC RESIN.
RESPIRATOR - A mask covering the user's breathing zone to either supply breathable air or filter impurities from the ambient air.
RESPIRATOR FIT TEST - Test to assure that a respirator properly fits a user. A qualitative fit test is a go/no go test that determines whether or not the respirator wearer has established a good face-to-face-piece seal. A quantitative fit test measures the effectiveness of the respirator fit against a challenge agent. Both tests can be used for half-mask or full-face respirators.
RETARDER - A component added to a composition to slow down a chemical or physical change.
RETREATING COLOR - A color, such as blue or green, that sometimes gives the appearance of retreating from the viewer. See also ADVANCING COLOR.
RIDGING - A slight bead or protrusion that forms along a finished drywall joint. One cause is additional joint compound being applied before the preceding coat has dried.
RIGGING - (1) The process of selecting and setting up supports, cables and ropes, and scaffolding systems to provide safe access to elevated work areas. (2) The cables, ropes, and related equipment used with scaffolding.
ROLL - See SINGLE ROLL.
ROLLER - See PAINT ROLLER.
ROLLING SCAFFOLD - A tubular welded frame scaffold equipped with casters on the bottom of the frame legs or posts that enable it to be rolled.
ROOF COATING - An asphalt material designed for application to roofs.
ROPE - A cord made from natural fibers (e.g., manila hemp), synthetic fibers (e.g., nylon), or steel strands (wire rope or cable). Rope comes in various diameters and strengths. In the painting industry, it is used primanly for rigging and scaffolding.
ROPE GRAB - A metal device that attaches to one end of a lanyard and fits onto a lifeline. It is made to grip the lifeline and lock when pulled downward so that it will prevent a worker who falls from an elevated work site from sliding down the lifeline. See also DESCENT CONTROL.
ROPEY - Detrimental quality of paint that does not flow on evenly and dries with slight ridges.
ROSIN - A natural resin obtained from pine trees.
ROTARY PEENER - A rotary impact power tool used to remove heavy coatings and contaminants from steel and concrete. The tool has round carbide cleats attached to the ends of flexible flaps mounted in a rotating hub. Other types of abrasive hubs for rotary impact power tools are cutter bundles or "stars" and rotary hammers.
ROTTENSTONE - A brown siliceous stone used as an abrasive; similar in nature to pumice stone, though softer in texture.
RUBBING VARNISH - A hard-drying varnish which may be rubbed with an abrasive and water or oil to a uniform smooth surface.
RUN - Narrow downward movement of a paint film, resulting in an irregular surface.
RUN NUMBER - A production number for wallcovering, also called a printing number or dye lot number, that indicates whether different rolls were printed at the same time.
RUST - Reddish material, primarily hydrated iron oxide, formed on iron or its alloys resulting from exposure to humid atmosphere or chemical attack.
RUST GRADE - The initial condition of unpainted steel before surface preparation. SSPC-Vis 1, a visual standard for the surface preparation of steel, outlines four rust grades: 1.) RUST GRADE A - The surface is completely covered with adherent mill scale; little or no rust is visible. 2.) RUST GRADE B - The surface is covered with both mill scale and rust. 3.) RUST GRADE C - The surface is completely covered with rust; little or no pitting is visible. 4.) RUST GRADE D - The surface is completely covered with rust; pitting is visible.
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SACRIFICIAL PIGMENT - A pigment that is consumed by corrosion while it protects an underlying steel surface. Zinc dust is the only sacrificial pigment used in paint.
SAFETY NET - A protective net suspended under a person working at a height. Safety nets used for fall protection must be installed as close as practical beneath the work area, but no more than 30 feet.
SAGS - A coating irregularity similar to runs but of ten broader in scope.
SAND BLAST CLEANING - Blast cleaning a surface,, with sand, flint, or other crystalline silica abrasive:; See also ABRASIVE BLAST CLEANING.
SAND DOWN - Remove gloss of an old finish prior to repainting.
SANDING - Using sandpaper by hand or with a power sander to either smooth a rough surface to achieve a better finish, or to roughen a smooth surface to improve adhesion of a coating.
SANDPAPER - A strong paper coated with flint, emery, garnet, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, or other abrasive material and used for sanding a surface by hand or machine.
SATIN FINISH - A dried paint film with a luster resembling satin. It generally ranks between eggshell, which measures 20 to 35 on a 60-degree gloss meter, and semigloss, which measures 35 to 70 on a 60-degree gloss meter.
SCAFFOLD - A temporary built-up framework or suspended platform or work area designed to support workers, materials, and equipment at elevated or otherwise inaccessible job sites. See also BUILT-UP SCAFFOLD, LADDER JACK SCAFFOLD, ROLLING SCAFFOLD, SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD, SWING SCAFFOLD.
SCALING - A type of paint failure that is the last stage of( cracking. Moisture entering cracks in the paint film destroys its adhesiveness and causes flaking or scaling.
SCARIFYING - A method of preparing concrete or other surfaces for coating by use of a scarifier, which has sharp, rotating knives in a self-contained unit.
SCENIC - See MURAL.
SCISSORS LIFT - An elevating device that raises a work enclosure vertically by means of crisscrossed supports similar to those on a scissors car jack.
SCRAPER - A hand tool used to scrape peeling, flaking, or blistering paint, rust, and other debris from surfaces before painting. Scrapers come in many types, shapes, and sizes that are designed for general use or for specific applications.
SCRUB RESISTANCE - The resistance of a coating or wallcovering to wear from repeated scrubbing with a brush, sponge, or cloth and a detergent solution.
SCUFFED JOINT - Raised nap on the face paper of drywall panels as a result of excessive sanding at the edges of a finished joint. Scuff marks should be treated with joint compound.
SEALER - (1) A liquid composition to prevent excessive, absorption of finish coats into porous surfaces. (2) A( composition to prevent bleeding. (3) In wallcovering, a coating applied to porous surface to prevent it from absorbing moist from the wallcovering adhesive. See also SIZE.
SEAM ROLLER - A narrow roller used for pressing down wallcovering seams.
SECONDARY COLORS - The colors produced by mixing equal amounts of two primary colors. The secondary colors are orange (formed by red and yellow), green (yellow and blue), and purple (red and blue). See also PRIMARY COLORS.
SELF-CURING - A coating that cures without any special after-application treatment. See also POST-CURING.
SELF-PRIMING - Use of the same coating for primer and for subsequent coats. It may be thinned differently for the various coats.
SELVAGE - Unprinted edge of a roll of wallcovering intended to protect the design and carry instructions for matching, etc. If not trimmed by the manufacturer, the selvage must be trimmed by hand before the wall-covering is hung.
SEMIGLOSS - A gloss range between high gloss and eggshell, approximately 35 to 70 on the 60-degree gloss scale. See also GLOSS.
SETTLING - Accumulation of pigments and fillers at the bottom of a coating container.
3ET-TO-TOUCH TIME - The time required for a wet coating to dry enough that it can be touched without sticking to a finger.
SHADE - A color to which black has been added; the opposite of tint. Gold is a shade of yellow.
SHADING - Variation in the color, texture, or gloss within the same strip of a wallcovering.
SHADOWING - A coating of paint showing through a subsequent coating.
SHEEN - The degree of luster of a dried, fully cured paint film.
SHELF LIFE - The amount of time a coating or other material remains in usable condition.
SHELLAC - A lacquer made from lac, a natural resin. It is used as a sealer to prevent coatings from being absorbed into a substrate or to prevent stains from bleeding through a topcoat. It also is used as a wood finish.
SHORT OIL - Low ratio of oil to resin in a medium. (1) SHORT OIL ALKYD - An alkyd resin containing less than 40 percent oil in solids. (2) SHORT OIL VARNISH - A varnish containing little oil in comparison with the amount of resin present, less than -15 gallons of oil per 100 pounds of resin. See also MEDIUM OIL, LONG OIL, OIL LENGTH.
SILICONE ALKYD RESIN - Alkyd resin modified with silicone, which can improve durability, gloss retention, and heat resistance of the alkyd resin.
SILICONE RESIN - Group of resins containing a substantial amount of silicon, distinguished by their outstanding heat resistance, high water repellency, and chemical resistance.
SINGLE-PACKAGE COATING - A crosslinking coating that can be stored in a single container, as opposed to a multipackage coating.
SINGLE ROLL - The standard unit of measure for wall-covering. Wallcovering usually is packaged in double-or triple-roll lengths called bolts, but prices usually are quoted by the single-roll equivalent.
SIZE - (1) A liquid composition to prevent excessive absorption of all paints into plaster, old wall paint, and similar porous surfaces. (2) A thin solution of glue, starch, or other water-soluble adhesive used to plug the pores of plaster, drywall, and other surfaces to prevent them from absorbing wallcovering adhesive. See also SEALER.
SKIM COATING - Technique of applying a thin coat of finishing compound over the entire surface of gypsum wallboard panel. This knocks down the nap of the paper and provides even sheen and absorption, sometimes called for under high sheen enamel paint systems.
SKIN - (1) A tough layer that forms on the surface of paint or varnish in the container as a result of exposure to air. (2) An ungrounded, non-washable type of wallpaper.
SKIP - A spot on a surface that was missed in the coating application process or that did not receive the proper film thickness.
SNIPPY - A term for paint too heavy-bodied for uniform application, which causes the brush to skip on the surface, leaving some spots insufficiently coated and others with too heavy a coating.
SLOW DRYING - A coating that dries slowly, generally requiring 24 hours or more.
SLOW SOLVENT - Solvent that evaporates slowly under application conditions.
SOIL - Disfiguring foreign materials such as dirt, soot, or stain, other than microorganisms, deposited on or embedded in a dried film of applied coating material; also called dirt.
SOLIDS - Nonvolatile matter in a coating composition, i.e., the ingredients of a coating composition which, after drying, are left behind and constitute the dry film.
SOLIDS BY VOLUME - The volume of the nonvolatile portion of a composition divided by the total volume, expressed as a percent.
SOLIDS BY WEIGHT - The weight of the nonvolatile portion of a composition divided by the total weight, expressed as a percent.
SOLUBILITY - Degree to which a substance may be dissolved.
SOLVENT - (1) Liquid, usually volatile, which is used in the manufacture of paint to dissolve or disperse the film-forming constituents, and which evaporates during drying and, therefore, does not become part of the dried film. Solvents are used to control the consistency and character of the finish and to regulate application properties. (2) Solvents also are used to dissolve and remove oil, dirt, grease, soil, and waxes from metal surfaces.
SOLVENT-BORNE COATING - Coating which contains only organic solvents. If water is present, it is only in trace quantities.
SOLVENT CLEANING - The use of organic solvents, detergents, alkaline cleaners, and steam cleaning to remove oil, grease, dirt, soil, and other soluble contaminants from a surface. Steel Structures Painting Council Surface Preparation Specification No. 1, "Solvent Cleaning" (SSPC-SP 1), is a consensus standard covering the procedures for solvent cleaning of steel surfaces.
SOLVENT CUT-BACK - An asphalt or coal tar bitumen that is dissolved in a suitable aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon solvent to lower its viscosity for application at ambient temperatures.
SOLVENT ENTRAPMENT - The failure of solvent to evaporate from a paint film due to poor drying conditions or recoating too soon. It may cause blisters or pinholes, sometimes called solvent pop.
SOLVENTLESS COATING - A paint formulation with no materials that, evaporate during application and curing; a coating with 100 percent solids.
SOLVENT RELEASE - The ability of a resin to influence the rate at which solvent evaporates from a coating.
SPACKLING COMPOUND - Patching material used to fill cracks, nail holes, dents, and other irregularities in order to provide a smooth surface for painting or wallcovering. It dries hard, forms a permanent bond, and generally is non-shrinking.
SPALLING - The chipping or fragmenting of a surface or surface coating caused, for example, by differential thermal expansion or contraction.
SPAR VARNISH - A very durable varnish designed for severe service on exterior surfaces. It must be resistant to rain, sunlight, and heat. The name comes from its original use on the spars of ships.
SPECIFICATION - A detailed, written explanation of material and workmanship quality standards to be used in the execution of all or a portion of the work.
SPONGE - A natural or synthetic porous material used for cleaning surfaces with water and detergent.
SPOT PRIMING - A method for protecting localized spots of a surface. The only areas primed are those that require additional protection due to rusting or peeling of the former coat, or newly patched plaster.
SPRAY GUN - A tool designed for spray application of paint or coating material.
SPRAY HEAD - The fluid needle, fluid tip, and air cap of a conventional spray gun.
SPRAYING - An application method in which coating material is sprayed onto a surface after being atomized, usually by a compressed air jet (conventional air spray) or by direct pressure flow through a small orifice nozzle (airless spray). See also AIRLESS SPRAYING, AIR-ASSISTED AIRLESS SPRAYING, CONVENTIONAL AIR SPRAYING, ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING, PLURAL COMPONENT SPRAYING, THERMAL SPRAYING.
SPRAY NOZZLE - The fluid orifice of an airless spray gun.
SPRAY PATTERN - The shape of the area covered by the paint spray from a spray gun.
SPRAY POT - (1) A pressurized tank that supplies paint to a spray gun. It may be equipped with an air-driven agitator to prevent settling of the pigment. (2) A small paint reservoir, sometimes called a cup, attached to light-duty, suction-fed spray gun.
SPREADING RATE - The area of surface covered per coat of paint at a specified dry film thickness per unit volume of coating material (square feet per gallon or square meters per liter).
STAIN - (1) A transparent or semitransparent coating that colors a substrate, usually wood, without obscuring the grain or other texture. Opaque stains do not penetrate into a substrate like true stains, but instead leave a thin colored coating on the surface. (2) An undesirable discoloration.
STAIN RESISTANCE - The ability of a coating or wall-covering to resist staining from a material capable of discoloring it.
STANDARD - An established practice or reference used as a basis for comparing or measuring quality, quantity; performance, etc., determined by general or consensus agreement.
STAND-OFF DISTANCE - The distance from a blasting nozzle to the surface being cleaned. Stand-off distance determines both the cleaning power and the size of the blast pattern. The closer the nozzle, the smaller the blast pattern and the stronger the abrading action.
STEAM CLEANING - Cleaning a surface with low pressure live steam.
STEEL WOOL - Fine strands of steel used for cleaning and abrading surfaces.
STENCILING - A method of applying a design to a wall or other surface by brushing ink or paint through a cut-out pattern or template.
STIPPLING - A decorative finish made by using a stippling brush or roller stippler to apply paint in a random pattern to a surface with a base coat of a different color.
STRAIGHT-ACROSS MATCH - A match of the design elements of a wallcovering pattern horizontally from strip to strip.
STRAIGHTEDGE - A ruler or strip used to keep a straight edge when trimming wallcovering.
STRAINING - The process of removing any large particles from mixed paint by pouring it through a wire screen, cheese cloth, or other straining device.
STRETCH - The width of a section of wall that is painted before moving a ladder or scaffold.
STRIKE-THROUGH - A separation of a coating from the previous coating or substrate resembling a knife cut through the finish. Also known as cut-through.
STRIP - A length of wallcovering cut to fit the height of a wall; in scenics or murals, a single section of the design.
STRIPING - Painting the edges of a surface before priming or before applying a full coat to give them extra protection.
STRIPPABLE PAINT - A coating with minimal adhesion for easy removal from a surface, such as when used for temporary corrosion protection.
STRIPPABLE WALLCOVERING - A wallcovering that can be dry-stripped without damaging the wall or leaving excess residue. See PEELABLE WALLCOVERING.
STRIPPING - Removing an old finish with heat or chemicals. See also CHEMICAL STRIPPING, HEAT STRIPPING, PAINT REMOVER.
STUD - Wood or metal vertical framing member to which drywall or wallboard panels are attached.
SUBSTRATE - Any surface to which paint, coating, or wallcovering is applied.
SUCTION - A force that draws coating material into the pores of a surface.
SURFACE - (1) The substrate to which paints, coatings, or wallcoverings are applied. (2) The finish obtained after the coating work has been completed.
SURFACE DRYING - The drying of the surface of a coating film before the rest of the film. The result may be that the under portion dries slowly, solvent is trapped within the coating, or the coating remains soft for an extended period of time.
SURFACE PREPARATION - Any treatment of a surface to prepare it for coating, such as washing with water, detergent solution, or solvent; filling, puttying, spackling, or repairing; cleaning with hand or power tools; water washing or jetting with or without abrasive; or abrasive blast cleaning.
SURFACE PROFILE - See PROFILE.
SURFACER - A coating applied over a primer to provide a uniform surface thick enough to permit some sanding before application of a topcoat. Also known as primer surfacer.
SURFACTANT - Surface active agent used to break down surface tension of liquids to make them more miscible, such as in oil and water emulsions. A component of universal colorants.
SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD - A scaffold suspended from bridges or other steel structures using rigging devices attached to the flanges of I-beams with various sizes of clamps or rollers.
SWEEP BLAST CLEANING - A fast pass of the abrasive blasting pattern over a surface to remove loose material and to roughen the surface sufficiently to successfully accept a coat of paint. This method sometimes is specified as SSPC-SP 7, "Brush-Off Blast Cleaning."
SWING SCAFFOLD - A scaffold with a platform or stage that is suspended from a structure by two ropes or cables and that can be raised or lowered as needed either manually or with a hoist powered by electricity or compressed air.
SYNTHETIC RESIN - Originally, a member of a group of synthetic substances that resemble and share some of the properties of natural resins, but now used for materials that bear little resemblance to natural resins. The term generally is understood to mean a member of the heterogeneous group of compounds produced from simpler compounds by condensation and/or polymerization. See also NATURAL RESIN.
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TACK - The degree of stickiness of a paint or varnish film during the drying period.
TACK CLOTH - A clean, soft, lint-free cloth treated with diluted varnish to make it tacky or sticky. It is used to wipe a surface to remove small particles of dust.
TACK-FREE - Absence of tack or stickiness in an applied coating.
TAPE BLISTER - A blister that indicates insufficient joint compound under tape on a drywall joint.
TAPERED JOINT - A joint where tapered edges of dry-wall panels meet.
TEAR RESISTANCE - For wallcoverings, the ability to resist additional tearing once a tear begins. See also BREAKING STRENGTH.
TENSILE STRENGTH - Resistance to elongation; the greatest longitudinal stress a substance can bear without rupturing or remaining permanently elongated.
TEXTURE - (1) Roughness or tactile pattern worked into Wet texture coating before it dries. (2) The feel of wallcovering material that is embossed or flocked.
TEXTURE COATING - Thick, highly pigmented material usually applied by roller, but sometimes by spray, and worked with a brush, trowel, roller, or other appropriate tool to provide various textured patterns and effects.
THERMAL SPRAYING - A process for applying metallic wire, metallic powder, and thermoplastic powder. The material is melted and sprayed onto a surface to produce a uniform coating. Gas wire guns and electric arc guns are used for spraying metallic wire; plasma guns are used for spraying metallic and thermoplastic powders. See also FLAME SPRAYING, METALIZING, PLASMA SPRAYING.
THERMOPLASTIC - A material that becomes soft when heated and hard when cooled. While the material is soft, it can be reformed or molded.
THERMOPLASTIC COATING - A coating that forms a film by solvent evaporation is called a thermoplastic coating because it can be softened and reformed by heating.
THERMOSET - A material that permanently sets when subjected to heat or chemical reaction and cannot be softened and reformed by reheating.
THERMOSET COATING - A coating that forms a film by a chemically crosslinking reaction (oxidation, polymerization) is called a thermoset coating because it is not softened or deformed by heating.
THICKENER - An additive that increases the viscosity of a coating.
THINNER - A volatile liquid used to improve the application properties of a coating, normally by reducing viscosity. A thinner may be a single solvent or a combination of solvent types. Often, specific thinners are required by the manufacturer of a coating to prevent damage to coating properties that may occur when an inappropriate thinner is used. See also SOLVENT, DILUENT.
THIXOTROPE - An additive that makes paint thixotropic.
THIXOTROPIC - The property of certain coatings that become liquid when stirred or agitated and thicken or coagulate again when left undisturbed.
THIXOTROPIC PAINT - Paint which, while free-flowing and easy to manipulate under a brush, sets to a gel within a short time when it is allowed to remain at rest. A thixotropic paint is less likely to drip from a brush than other types and can be applied in thicker films without running or sagging.
THRESHOLD LThIIT VALUE (TLV) - The air concentrations of chemical substances to which it is believed that workers may. be exposed daily without adverse effect. See also PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT.
TIE COAT - A paint formulated specifically to provide a transition from a primer or undercoat to a finish coat. Tie coats are used to seal the surface of a zinc-rich primer, to bond generically different types of coatings, or to improve the adhesion of a succeeding coating.
TINT - A color to which white has been added; the opposite of shade. Pink is a tint of red.
TINTING - Adjusting the color of paint to a wide range of tints, shades, or tones.
TINTING STRENGTH - The coloring power of a standard paint or pigment.
TONAL VALUE - Relative strength of a color in reference to black and white. Color of light tonal value contains much white; color of dark tonal value contains much black.
TONE - The result of adding both black and white to a~ color.
TOOTH - (1) The profile of a substrate, created to promote coating adhesion. The roughness inherent in the surface or created mechanically or by etching. (2) Characteristic of a paint that provides good anchorage or adhesion for succeeding coats.
TOPCOAT - The finish coat of a coating system, formulated for appearance and/or environmental resistance.
TOUCH-UP PAINTING - The correction of deficiencies in the specified work to achieve a properly painted surface, which is one that is uniform in appearance, color, and sheen; free of foreign material, lumps, skins, runs, sags, holidays, misses, strike-through, or insufficient coverage; and free of drips, spatters, spills, or overspray.
TOXIC - Poisonous.
TRIMMER - Machine or device that removes selvage from wallcovering.
TR.IfJODIUM EHOSPHATE (TSP) - A strong alkaline chemical cleaner. Because of changes in environmental rules, it no longer is permitted to be used in some areas.
TURPENTINE - A solvent obtained by distilling oleo-'. resinous secretions from pine trees. It is seldom used for paint formulation, but still is sold and used as a thinner for oil paints and varnishes.
TWO-COMPONENT COATING - See MULTIPACKAGE COATING.
