Carvél Painting Glossary M-P
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MAINTENANCE COATING - A coating, other than the original, of which the primary function is protection; used to maintain commercial, institutional, and industrial structures, public utility facilities, etc.
MAINTENANCE PAINTING - (1) Any coating work done subsequent to that associated with construction. (2) In broad terms, all repainting of industrial structures for protection or aesthetics.
MARBLING - Simulating the look of marble on a surface with special coating materials and graining tools.
MASKING TAPE - An adhesive tape used to protect small surfaces from becoming smeared with paint.
MASTIC - (1) Adhesive composition. Loosely used to describe a plastic filler, stopper, putty, or adhesive. (2) Sometimes, a high build coating.
MATERIAL SAFETY BATA SHEET (MSDS) - A compilation of information required under the OSHA Communication Standard on the identity of hazardous chemicals, health and physical hazards, exposure limits, and precautions. Employees should have ready access to Material Safety Data Sheets for materials in the workplace.
MECHANICAL DRYWALL TOOL - Any mechanical device used to apply joint compound and/or joint tape or to finish joints in the drywall finishing, process.
MEDIUM OIL - Medium ratio of oil to resin. (1) MEDIUM OIL ALKYD - An alkyd resin containing between 40 and 60 percent oil as a modifying agent. (2) MEDIUM OIL VARNISH - An oleoresinous varnish, other than alkyd, containing between 18 and 25 gallons of oil per 100 pounds of resin. See also LONG OIL, SHORT OIL; OIL LENGTH.
MERS - See MONOMER.
MESH GRID - A device that hangs inside a 5-gallon. paint pail. Rolling a paint roller over a mesh grid works paint into the roller cover and removes any excess.
METALIZING - Spraying a coating of metal onto a surface. See also FLAME SPRAYING, METAL SPRAYING, PLASMA SPRAYING, THERMAL SPRAYING.
METALLIC PAINT - Paint containing flecks of aluminum or other metal, used to achieve a metallic finish.
METAL SPRAYING - Application of a spray coat of metal (usually zinc or aluminum) onto a prepared surface. The metal, in wire or powder form, is melted in a special spray gun, which then uses compressed air to spray it onto the surface.
MICROMETER - (1) A measurement of coating thickness equal to one millionth of a meter; abbreviated as pm. Also called a micron. (2) An instrument for measuring surface profile.
MICRON - A measurement of coating thickness equal to one millionth of a meter; abbreviated as. Also called a micrometer. (25.4 microns equal 1 mil.)
MID-TONE BASE - Paint base used to develop colors darker than a pastel. Tint strength of white has been reduced.
MIL - One thousandth of an inch (0.001 inch); used to measure coating thickness. The metric equivalent is micron (1 mil equals 25.4 microns).
MILDEW - A fungus that grows on paint and other materials in damp places, causing discoloration and deterioration.
MILDEW RESISTANCE - A coating's ability to resist the growth of mildew.
MILL SCALE - The heavy oxide layer formed during hot fabrication or heat treatment of metals.
MINERAL SPIRITS - A petroleum-derived solvent used for thinning paint. Odorless mineral spirits have been refined to remove some odorous constituents.
MISCIBLE - Capable of mixing or blending uniformly
MIST COAT - Thin tack coat; thin adhesive coat.
MIXING - Combining and agitating, either by handl or with a powered mechanical mixer, all ingredients in a paint to create a uniform, consistent liquid with even color and texture. See also BOXING, STRAINING.
MOISTURE TRAP - A device that removes moisture, from the air lines of abrasive blasting or spray painting equipment. A bleed valve lets water drain out of the trap.
MONOMER - A simple molecule that links with other monomers to form polymers. Trade jargon for joint compound used in drywall finishing.
MUD CRACKING - A paint film defect that looks like dried mud cracks. See also CRACKING.
MULTICOLOR COATING - A water-based coating with suspended droplets of multicolor lacquer or oil-based paint that is applied by spray to create a decorative speckled finish.
MULTIPACKAGE COATING - A coating made of crosslinking paint materials that must be stored in separate containers and mixed in the correct proportion before use. Once the materials are mixed, a chemical reaction begins and the paint remains usable for a limited time.
MURAL - (1) A painting applied directly to a wall or ceiling. (2) A wallcovering with a mural scene that continues over several strips to cover one wall of a room or the greater part of a wall without a repeat. Also called a scenic.
MURIATIC ACID - A commercial term for hydrochloric acid, which is used to clean and etch concrete and masonry
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AIL POPPING - Slight protrusi'on of nail heads from drywall panels caused by shrinkage of framing lumber, structural movement, or improper nailing. NAP - The fibers on a paint roller cover, usually described in terms of length. Generally, short-nap covers (1/4 to 1/2 inch) are used on smooth surfaces; long-nap covers (3/4 to 1 1/2 inches) are used on rough or irregular surfaces.
NAPHTHA - Any of several hydrocarbon solvents or their mixtures that are derived from petroleum products or coal tar. These may be composed of aliphatic (VM&P naphtha) or aromatic (high flash naphtha) compounds.
NATURAL RESIN - A solid organic substance, originating in the secretion of certain plants or insects, which is thermoplastic, flammable, nonconductive of electricity; breaks with a conchoidal fracture (when hard); and dissolves in certain specific organic solvents but not water. Copal and rosin are examples of natural resins. See also SYNTHETIC RESIN.
NEAR-WHITE BLAST CLEANING - High grade of blast cleaning. According to Steel Structures Painting Council Surface Preparation Specification No. 10, "Near-White Blast Cleaning" (SSPC-SP 10), a near-white blast cleaned surface is free of all visible oil, grease, dirt, dust, mill scale, rust, paint, oxides, corrosion products, and other foreign matter; staining is limited to no more than 5 percent of each square inch of surface area. Near-white blast cleaning also is defined in NACE No. 2, "Near-White Blast Cleaned Surface Finish."
NEEDLE GAUGE - An air pressure gauge with a needle connected to the air inlet:It is used to check the air pressure of a blast system by inserting the needle into the blast hose just behind the nozzle and pointing the tapered tip into the air flow.
NEEDLE GUN - A power impact tool with a bundle of steel needles mounted in front of a piston that strikes them against the surface being cleaned. Needle guns are useful for cleaning irregular surfaces, such as corners and crevices or around bolt and rivet heads.
NEUTRALIZATION - The process of neutralizing 1.) excess acidity or alkalinity in concrete, masonry, or plaster; or 2.) chemical strippers used on wood.
NONFLAMMABLE - Incombustible; fireproof.
NON-GRAIN-RAISING STAIN - A solution of dye dissolved in alcohol, ketone, etc., that does not raise the grain of woods.
NONMETALLIC. ABRASIVE - A natural, byproduct, or manufactured material used as abrasive for blast cleaning. See also ABRASIVE.
NONVOLATILE CONTENT - The portion of a coating that does not evaporate during drying or curing under specified conditions, comprising the binder and, if present, the pigment. Note: the percent volatile content is obtained by subtracting the nonvolatile content from 100. Also known as nonvolatile matter.
NONWOVEN ABRASIVE PAD - A web of nylon fibers embedded with abrasive 'material and used to clean contaminants from all types of surfaces or to feather the edges of a repair area with the surrounding surface. See also COATED ABRASIVE.
NOZZLE - See BLAST NOZZLE, SPRAY HEAD, SPRAY NOZZLE.
NOZZLE ORIFICE GAUGE - A tapered metal rod that is inserted into a blast cleaning nozzle to determine the size of its orifice.
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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT - The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 was developed to assure safe and healthful working conditions by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the act; by assisting and encouraging the states in their efforts to ensure safe and healthful working conditions; by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational safety and health; and by other means.
OIL-BASED COATING - A paint that contains drying oil, oil varnish, or oil-modified resin as the basic vehicle ingredient.
OIL LENGTH - The ratio of oil to resin in a medium. For an oleoresinous varnish, oil length may be expressed in terms of parts by weight of oil to one part by weight of resin or, in American practice, in terms of U.S.A. gallons of oil per 100 pounds of resin. For an alkyd resin, oil length is expressed as the percentage of oil by weight in the resin.
OIL STAIN - A solution of dye in a blend of oil or varnish and aromatic solvent.
OIL VARNISH - A varnish that contains resin and drying oil as the basic film-forming ingredients and is converted to a solid film primarily by chemical reaction.
OLEORESINOUS VEHICLE - A vehicle prepared by the addition of a resin to a drying oil. These two components may or may not be further processed to obtain specified properties.
OPACITY - The property of a paint that enables it to hide and color a surface.
OPEN ABRASIVE BLAST CLEANING - An air abrasive blast cleaning operation without any localized containment around the blast stream.
OPEN-COAT ABRASIVE - An abrasive material, such as sandpaper, in which the grains cover approximately 50 percent of the backing material. It is used when loading or filling with particles of the material being sanded, may be a problem. See also CLOSED-COAT ABRASIVE.
OPEN-GRAIN WOOD - Wood with porous, open grain that must be treated with a filler for a smooth surface. Examples include oak and walnut. See also CLOSED-GRAIN WOOD TIME - The length of time a wallcovering adhesive is tacky and bondable.
ORANGE PEEL - A coating film defect with the textured look of an orange peel.
ORBITAL SANDER - A power sander with a flat abrasive pad that vibrates in small, circular motions. It is used for coarse to fine sanding, depending on the particular tool and abrasive used.
ORGANIC - Generally, a chemical compound containing carbon.
ORGANIC ZINC-RICH PRIMER - See ZINC-RICH PRIMER.
ORIFICE - Opening or hole in a spray or blast nozzle.
OUTRIGGER BEAM - A fixed or movable arm that extends beyond the edge of a roof or structure for rigging scaffolds.
OVERLAP SEAM - A wallcovering seam in which one strip of walicovering overlaps the next strip by 1/2 inch or more. This seam usually is reserved for use on corners, archways, and similar areas that may be difficult to cover.
OVERSPRAY - (1) Atomized paint particles that deflect from or miss the surface being sprayed. (2) Spray particles that are not wet enough to fuse when they reach the surface. See also DRY SPRAY, BOUNCE BACK.
OXIDATION - (1) In coatings, the introduction of oxygen into a molecule, thereby producing a cured film. Alkyds and drying oil-based coatings cure by oxidation. (2) Corrosion of metals and degradation of other substances caused by oxygen in the air.
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PAINT - (1) To apply a thin layer of a coating to a substrate by brush, spray, roller, immersion, or any other suitable means. [ASTM D 16] (2). Any pigmented liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition designed for application to a substrate in a thin layer that is converted to an opaque solid film after application. Used for protection, decoration or identification, or to serve some functional purpose.
PAINT BRUSH - A hand-held painting tool with a bundle of natural or synthetic bristles bound to a handle by a ferrule, or metal jacket, that is connected to a handle with nails or by crimping. Types include sash and trim, wall and ceiling, enamel and varnish, masonry, and roofing brushes.
PAINT FAILURE - (1) The premature deterioration of a coating resulting from problems of workmanship, substrate conditions, formulation of material, coating specifications, exposure conditions, etc., or a combination of factors. (2) The condition of a paint film at the end of its useful life. Paint failure manifests itself in a wide range of characteristics.
PAINTING/DECORATING CONTRACTOR - The individual or company responsible for the application of paints, coatings, wallcoverings, or other decorating products.
PAINT MITT - A fabric-covered mitt worn on the hand and used to apply paint by rubbing it onto surfaces such as spindles or pipes that cannot be coated efficiently by other means.
PAINT PAD - A paint application tool used to wipe paint onto a surface. It consists of a handle and a flat square or rectangular pad covered with short synthetic fibers.
PAINT REMOVER - A chemical compound that softens old paint or varnish so it can be removed with a scraper. Also called chemical stripping.
PAINT ROLLER - A paint application tool with a fabric-covered tube, or roller cover, that fits over a handled frame, which is designed to roll paint onto a surface. Paint rollers are most productive on large, flat surfaces. (Special rollers are used for trim, corners, edges, and piping. Types of rollers include: 1.) DIP ROLLER, which is loaded with paint by dipping it into a paint tray or pail; 2.) FOUNTAIN ROLLER, which has a hollow core that is filled with paint and pores in the core to allow paint to saturate the roller cover; and 3.) PRESSURE-FED ROLLER, which has a pressure-fed supply hose to the center of the roller and pores in the core to allow paint to saturate the cover.
PAINT TRAY - A tray with a well for holding paint and a rough-textured ramp for working paint into a roller cover and removing excess loading.
PALM SANDER - A small power sander with a handle that fits comfortably in the palm of the hand.
PARAPET CLAMP - A device designed to fit over and clamp onto a parapet along the perimeter of a roof or structure for rigging a scaffold.
PASS (SPRAY) - One horizontal or vertical pass with a spray gun.
PASTE - WaRcovering adhesive. PASTEL - A light tint color.
PASTE MACHINE - A machine used to apply adhesive or prepaste activator to wallcoverings. Paste machines come in various sizes and types, including table and floor models.
PATTERN MATCH - The meeting of all parts and colors of a pattern at the seams of adjacent strips of wallcovering. [ASTM F 1141] Wallcovering strips generally match in one of three ways: 1.) RANDOM MATCH -The design matches anywhere along the length of the strips. 2.) STRAIGHT-ACROSS MATCH - The design elements of the pattern match horizontally from strip to strip. 3.) DROP MATCH - The design elements match diagonally rather than horizontally. A drop match may be either a half drop or a multiple drop. With a half drop match, every other strip is the same. With a multiple drop match, the design repeats every three, four, or more strips.
PATTERN NUMBER - A number that indicates the design and color of a roll of wallcovering. The pattern numbers should match for all rolls used for a job. See also DYE LOT.
PEELABLE WALLCOVERING - A wallcovering from which the decorative surface may be dry-peeled from the substrate, leaving a continuous layer of the substrate on the wall. See also STRIPPABLE WALLCOVERING.
PEELING - Detachment of particles of a paint, varnish, or lacquer film from a surface. Possible causes include dampness, grease, an improperly prepared surface, or excess moisture behind the surface.
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL) - The limit of exposure to a toxic material or harmful substance that a worker is permitted under OSHA regulations. PELs are expressed as parts per million (ppm) or micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m3) and typically are based on time-weighted average concentrations for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour work week. See also THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE.
pH - A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a liquid or solid material. A pH reading of 7 is neutral; less than 7 is acidic; greater than 7 is alkaline. The further the pH reading is from 7, the more acidic or alkaline the solution or material is.
PHENOLIC ALKYD RESIN - Alkyd resin system modified with a phenolic resin. Phenolic modifications can perform satisfactorily in water immersion, a service in which unmodified alkyd resins are unsuitable.
PHENOLIC RESIN - Synthetic resin made by condensing phenol or a similar compound with formaldehyde.
PHOSPHATING - Pretreatment of steel or certain other metal surfaces by chemical solutions containing metal phosphates and phosphoric acid as the main ingredients to form a thin, inert, adherent, corrosion-inhibiting phosphate layer that serves as a good base for subsequent paint coats.
PHOSPHORIC ACID - A weak acid sometimes used to remove light rust from steel and to pacify the steel surface.
PICKLING - Treatment for the removal of rust and mill scale from steel by immersion in an acid solution containing an inhibitor. Pickling should be followed by thorough washing and drying before painting. This process is further defined in Steel Structures Painting Council Surface Preparation Specification No. 8, "Pickling" (SSPC-SP 8).
PIGMENT - Finely ground, natural or synthetic, inorganic or organic, insoluble dispersed particles (powder) which, when dispersed in a liquid vehicle to make paint, may provide, in addition to color, many of the essential properties of a paint - opacity, hardness, durability, and corrosion resistance. The term is used to include extenders as well as white or colored pigments. See also BARRIER PIGMENT, COLOR PIGMENT, EXTENDER PIGMENT, HIDING PIGMENT, INHIBITIVE PIGMENT, SACRIFICIAL PIGMENT.
PIGMENT VOLUME CONCENTRATION (PVC) -Ratio of the volume of pigment to the volume of total nonvolatile matter (i.e., pigment and binder) present in a coating. The figure is usually expressed as a percentage.
PINHOLE - A small, pore-like hole in a coating film, caused by solvent or moisture release or a porous substrate.
PINPOINT RUSTING - Tiny, dispersed points of rust that can appear at pinholes and holidays in a coating.
PIT - A small hole in the surface of a metal or other material that is deeper than its diameter.
PITTING - Formation of pits in a metal surface, usually as a result of corrosion.
PLASMA SPRAYING - A spray application process in which metallic or thermoplastic powders are melted in the plasma arc cavity that contains the gas stream of the plasma gun and sprayed onto the surface being coated. See also FLAME SPRAYING.
PLASTER OF PARIS - A quick-setting paste, sometimes used as a patching material, made by mixing gypsum powder with water.
PLASTIC-COATED WALLCOVERING - Wallcovering with a coating of transparent plastic to withstand washing and resist stains.
PLASTICIZER - An additive designed to soften and promote flexibility in a coating film.
PLURAL COMPONENT SPRAYING - A paint application method that proportions and mixes two or more components of a paint material in the process of delivering them to a spray gun. Plural component spraying is used for coatings with a pot life that is too short to mix and apply by conventional and airless spray equipment.
POLYESTER RESIN - Synthetic resin made from polyhydric alcohols and polybasic acids, usually dispersed in a suitable monomer. Alkyd resin is a specific type of polyester resin.
POLYMER - A substance, the molecules of which consist of one or more structural units (monomers) repeated any number of times; vinyl resins are examples of true polymers.
POLYMERIZATION - Chemical reaction in which two or more small molecules (monomers) combine to form large molecules (polymers, macromolecules) that contain repeating structural units of the original molecules. For example, this effect takes place by oxidation when paints or varnishes dry to form a film.
POLYURETHANE - A film-forming substance produced when an isocyanate reacts with other substances to produce an organic compound known as a urethane. It shows good chemical, solvent, and abrasion resistance. Polyurethane coatings can be obtained as air-drying, moisture-cured, or catalyzed types. See also URETHANE COATING.
POPPING - Development of craters or pinholes in a coating of paint or varnish while it is curing.
POROSITY - The absorption, of a paint by the surface being coated. The ability of a surface to absorb a liquid, vapor, or gas.
POST-CURING - An after-application treatment (liquid curing solution, heat, radiation, etc.) that enhances a coating's level of cure or properties. See also SELF-CURING.
POT LIFE - The useful life of a coating material after its container is opened, or after catalysts, activators, hardeners, or other ingredients are added to initiate the curing reaction.
POWER FILE - A power tool with a straight or curved file used to remove burrs or to smooth metal, wood, plastic, or fiberglass surfaces.
POWER TOOL - A hand-held tool powered by air pressure or electricity. Power tools can be grouped into three categories: 1.) IMPACT TOOLS, which clean by striking a surface; 2.) ROTARY TOOLS, which use rotating abrasives to clean a surface; or 3.) ROTARY IMPACT TOOLS, which clean a surface by both rotary and impact action. Commonly used power tools include power chippers, needle guns, descalers, wire brushes, sanding discs, and grinding wheels.
POWER TOOL CLEANING - The use of hand-held power tools to clean and prepare a surface for coating. Steel Structures Painting Council has two surface preparation specifications for power tool cleaning of metal surfaces. 1.) SSPC-SP 3, "Power Tool Cleaning," specifies the removal of all loose paint, loose rust, and loose mill scale, etc., but not adherent paint, rust, or mill scale, which are defined as those that cannot be removed by lifting with a dull putty knife. 2.) SSPCSP 11, "Power Tool Cleaning to Bare Metal," specifies the removal of all visible oil, grease, dirt, dust, mill scale, rust, paint, oxide, corrosion products, and other foreign matter, and, when painting is required, a surface profile of not less than 1 mil.
POWER WASHING - The use of pressurized water (typically less than 5,000 psi) with or without detergents or chemical additives to clean a surface of contamination and debris. See also WATER BLAST CLEANING.
POWER WIRE BRUSH - A power tool with a brush made of knotted or crimped wire bristles in the form of a wheel or a cup used to clean steel, concrete, or masonry.
PRESERVATIVE - Additive used to prevent growth of microorganisms in a container or on an applied film of coating material.
PRE-TRIMMED WALLCOVERING - Wallcovering from which selvage has been trimmed at the factory.
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PAINTING - Periodic application of a coating to an entire surface or to selected areas to maintain appearance or protection.
PRIMARY COLORS - The three pigments, red, yellow, and blue, which cannot be produced by any mixture of other pigments. Mixing equal parts of two primary colors forms the secondary colors. See also SECONDARY COLORS.
PRIIVIER - (1) The first coat in a painting operation. It is designed to promote adhesion of subsequent coats. (2) A coating applied to a surface to improve the grip of wallcovering adhesive.
PROFILE - Contour or roughness of a surface. For wood and metal, surface profile is simply the texture of the cleaned surface. For metal, it is the roughened surface that results from abrasive blasting, power tool cleaning, etc.
PROFILE COMPARATOR - An instrument used to determine the profile of a blast-cleaned surface by visual or tactile comparison of the surface with a series of reference surfaces having known profile depths.
PROFILE DEPTH - A measure of the roughness or profile of a surface based on the distance between its peaks and valleys.
PSI - Pounds per square inch; a measure of compressed air pressure. One psi equals 6.895 kilopascals (kPa).
PSYCHROMETER - An instrument that measures wet and dry bulb temperatures of air. With the aid of psychrometric tables, these measurements can be used to determine dew point and relative humidity.
PUTTY - A dough-like material consisting of pigment and vehicle, used for sealing glass in window frames and for filling imperfections in wood or metal surfaces. See also GLAZING COMPOUND.
PUTTY KNIFE - A hand tool with a blade 1 to 2 inches wide used to apply putty or patching materials.
