Carvél Painting Glossary H-L
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HALF-SHEET SANDER - A power tool with a flat, rectangular pad to which a half sheet of sandpaper is clamped. Half-sheet sanders work well on large, flat surfaces.
HAND TOOL - A non-power, hand-held device used for surface preparation. Commonly used hand tools include abrasive pads, scrapers, putty knives, wire brushes, and chipping hammers.
HAND TOOL CLEANING - The use of non-power hand tools to clean a surface of loose paint, loose rust, loose mill scale, and other loose contaminants prior to coating application. Steel Structures Painting Council Surface Preparation Specification No. 2, "Hand Tool Cleaning" (SSPC-SP 2), is a consensus standard covering the procedures for hand tool cleaning of steel surfaces.
HARDENER - Additive (crosslinking agent, resin, or other modifier) used to promote or control the hardening or curing reaction of a coating, adhesive, or resin system. See also CURING AGENT, CATALYST.
HAZARD - A danger that may result in personal injury or death when a substance or object is used in a particular quantity or manner, or when a procedure is done without regard for safe working practices. Hazards in painting operations include toxic substances, ignitable and/or explosive materials, electrocution, falls, confined spaces, hand- and power-operated equipment, and lead paint removal.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (HMIS) - A comprehensive hazard communication system developed by the National Paint & Coatings Association that includes 1.) assessment of chemical hazards in the workplace, 2.) use of colors, numbers, letters, and symbols to communicate degrees of acute health, flammability, and reactivity hazards; proper personal protection equipment; and other information, and 3.) and employee training.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE - (1) Any material that poses a threat to human health and/or the environment. Typical hazardous substances are toxic, corrosive, ignitable, explosive, or chemically reactive. (2) Any substance named by the Environmental Protection Agency to be reported if a designated quantity of the substance is spilled in the waters of the United States or if otherwise emitted into the environment.
HAZARDOUS WASTE - By-products of society that can pose a substantial or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly managed. A hazardous waste possesses at least one of four characteristics (ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity), or appears on special EPA lists. Elements that can cause paint debris to be classified as hazardous due to toxicity include lead, barium, cadmium, chromium, and mercury.
HEAT AGING - Deterioration of a coating, wallcovering, or other material as a result of exposure to elevated temperatures.
HEATER - A heat-generating device used to control the viscosity of coating materials for plural-component, airless, and conventional spraying systems. Heaters can be placed in the supply container, in the supply hose, or both.
HEAT GUN - A tool used to blow very hot air onto a painted surface to soften the paint film for removal with a scraper. A heat gun should be used with care; it can be a fire hazard when used improperly.
HEAT RESISTANCE - The ability of a coating to resist deterioration when exposed continuously or periodically to high temperatures.
HEAT STRIPPING - Using a heat gun to soften a paint film for removal by scraping.
HEAVY-CENTERED SPRAY PATTERN - An uneven spray pattern having more coating in the center and less at the edges.
HIDING PIGMENT - Pigment with a high refractive index to give a coating the most hiding power. Rutile titanium dioxide, anatase titanium dioxide, zinc sulfide, and zinc oxide are materials with high refractive indices.
HIDING POWER - The ability of a coat of paint, which has been properly applied, to hide a surface or a previous coating on that surface.
HIGH BUILD COATING - A coating with a thickness of about 5 to 30 mils (125 to 750 microns), which is more than most paint films.
HIGH EFFICIENCY PARTICULATE AIR (HEPA) FILTER - An air filter made to remove 99.97 percent of all particles larger than 0.3 micron.
HIGH FLASH (HI FLASH) NAPHTHA - A hydrocarbon solvent mixture composed primarily of aromatic compounds and having a flash point above 113 F (45 C).
HIGH GLOSS - See FULL GLOSS.
HIGH SOLIDS COATING - Paint containing considerably higher solids (nonvolatile matter) than conventional. Usually, paints with greater than 60 percent solids by volume are considered high solids coatings, although the term often is applied to any coating that meets any of EPA's Control Technique Guidelines.
HIGH VOLUME-LOW PRESSURE (HVLP) SPRAYING - A spray application method using a high volume of air delivered at low pressure to atomize paint into a lower velocity stream than conventional spraying.
HOLIDAY - An application defect whereby a small area, is left uncoated.
HOLIDAY DETECTOR - An instrument using electric current to detect nicks, scrapes, pinholes, or weak spots in a coating film.
HOMOPOLYMER - See POLYMER.
HOSE - Flexible tubing of varying sizes, lengths, and materials used to connect components of blast cleaning, spray application, and respiration equipment.
HOT MELT COATING - A composition which liquefies readily on heating and is applied to various surfaces in molten condition.
HOT SPOT - A spot of improperly mixed plaster. If paint is applied over a hot spot, a chemical reaction causes "burning," which damages the paint film. To prevent this, a special primer coat should be applied first.
HOT SPRAYING - Spray application of a coating that has been heated to reduce its viscosity. Using heat instead of adding volatile solvents to reduce viscosity makes it possible to apply materials with higher solids content that are VOC compliant.
HOUSEHOLD BLEACH - See BLEACH SOLUTION.
HUE - The name of a color, such as red, blue, or orange.
HYDROBLASTING - See WATER JETTING.
HYDROCARBON SOLVENT - Aliphatic, aromatic, or cyclic (cycloparafflnic, naphthenic) solvent consisting of only carbon and hydrOgen atoms. See also ALIPHATIC SOLVENT, AROMATIC SOLVENT, NAPHTHA.
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IMIVIISCIBLE - Not miscible (mixable). A quality of any liquid that will not mix with another specified liquid, in which case it forms two separate layers or exhibits cloudiness or turbidity.
IMPACT RESISTANCE - A measure of resistance to impact; ability to resist deformation from impact.
IMPACT TOOL - A hand or power tool that cleans by striking a surface. Examples include needle guns, rotary peeners, chipping and scaling hammers, power chisels, etc.
INCOMPATIBILITY - Inability of a material to mix with or adhere to another material.
INDUCTION TIME - The time interval that must elapse after mixing the components of a multicomponent paint before application can begin. Also known as sweat-in time.
INERT - Chemically inactive; resistant to corrosion.
INHIBITIVE PIGMENT - A coating pigment that inhibits corrosion of metal substrates or other undesirable effects.
INHIBITOR - (1) General term for compounds or materials that have the effect of slowing down or stopping an undesired chemical change such as corrosion, oxidation or polymerization, drying, skinning, mildew growth, etc. [Paint/ Coatings Dictionary] (2) In wet cleaning methods for steel, a material that can be added to the water or applied as a rinse to prevent flash rusting. See also RETARDER.
INORGANIC - Not organic; generally, a chemical compound containing no carbon.
INORGANIC ZINC-RICH PRIMER - See ZINC-RICH PRIMER.
INSPECTOR - A person assigned to inspect coatings by means of examination, observation, or measurement to determine the conformance of coating work to specifications. An inspector can represent an owner, contractor, or material supplier.
INTERCOAT ADHESION - The ability of one layer of a coating to adhere to the next or to the substrate.
INTERCOAT CONTAMINATION - Contamination or foreign matter between two coating layers or between a coating and the substrate.
INTERCOAT DISBONDING - Failure of a coating to ad here to a previous coating layer or to the substrate.
INTERMEDIATE COAT - One of more coats applied between the primer coat and the finish coat.
INTRACOAT ADHESION - Cohesion within a coat of paint; the ability of a paint film to hold itself together.
INTRACOAT DISBONDING - Failure of a coating layer to cohere or hold itself together.
INTUMESCENTCOATING - A fire-retardant coating that when heated forms a foam produced by nonflammable gases, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia. This results in a thick, highly insulating layer of carbon (about 50 times as thick as the original coating) that serves to protect the coated substrate from fire. See also FIRE-RETARDANT COATING.
ISOCYANATE - A compound containing the functional group -N=C=O, a basic chemical building block for polyurethane coatings. Isocyanate may be highly toxic in its unreacted form.
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J-CLAMP - A metal clamp used to attach hardware to scaffolding cable.
JOB STANDARD - The minimum acceptable standard of quality for a coatings project established prior to beginning the work.
JOINT COMPOUND - Patching compound used in drywall construction to tape and finish joints, conceal fasteners and corner beads, fill surface dents or irregularities, and create a smooth finish; sometimes called "mud."
JOINT RIDGING OR BEADING - Slight bead or protrusion occurring in center of finished drywall joint, usually caused by insufficient drying of successive applications of joint compound.
JOINT TAPE - Mending tape, usually made of strong fiber paper, that is embedded in joint compound to conceal and smooth the seam between drywall panels.
JOURNEYMAN PAINTER - A painter with training and experience as an apprentice.
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KETONE SOLVENT - Organic solvent containing the CO grouping; commonly used ketones are acetone (di-methyl ketone), MEK (methyl ethyl ketone), and MIBK (methyl isobutyl ketone). Ketone solvents have relatively strong solubility parameters and exhibit strong hydrogen bonding and high polarity.
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LAC - A natural resin secreted by insects that live on the sap of certain trees in Far Eastern countries and refined to make shellac.
LACQUER - A coating composition that is based on synthetic, thermoplastic, film-forming material dissolved in organic solvent that dries primarily by solvent evaporation. Typical lacquers include those based on nitrocellulose, other cellulose derivatives, vinyl resins, acrylic resins, etc.
LADDER DUTY RATING - A rating of the kind and amount of use a ladder is designed to handle and its working load limit (weight capacity). ANSI ladder standards identify four duty ratings: 1.) TYPE IA, an extra heavy-duty industrial ladder with a weight.. limit of 300 pounds; 2.) TYPE I, a heavy-duty industrial ladder with a weight limit of 250 pounds; 3.) TYPE II, a medium-duty commercial ladder with a 225-pound weight limit; and 4.) TYPE III, a light-duty household ladder with a weight limit of 200 pounds.
LADDER HOOK - A device that attaches to the top of a ladder and connects. to a roof, pipe, or similar anchorage for support. building settlement, earthquake damage, nail or screw pops.
LADDER JACK - A metal bracket that attaches to a straight ladder or an extension ladder; used in pairs to form a ladder jack scaffold.
LADDER JACK SCAFFOLD - A light-duty scaffold with a plank or lightweight stage supported by a pair of ladder jacks attached to heavy-duty ladders.
LADDER, PORTABLE - A ladder that can be moved, compared to one affixed to a building or structure. Portable ladders have either fixed or adjustable length, and are either self-supporting or non-self-supporting.
LADDER SHOE - A slip-resistant device that mounts on the base of a ladder side rail to give the ladder stability. Some ladder shoes adjust to the level of the surface.
LADDER, TYPES OF - (1) STEPLADDER - A self-supporting ladder of fixed height with flat steps, a movable back frame hinged to the front legs, and a spreading device to hold the ladder open. (2) DOUBLE STEPLADDER - A stepladder with steps on both sides. (3) STRAIGHT LADDER - A non-selfsupporting, fixed length ladder with two parallel rails joined by rungs. (4) EXTENSION LADDER - A non-self-supporting ladder with two or three sections that can be adjusted in length. (5) TRESTLE LADDER - A self-supporting ladder of fixed height with two runged sections joined at the top with hinges and a spreader. (6) EXTENSION TRESTLE LADDER -A trestle ladder with a vertical extension section. (7) SECTIONAL LADDER - A non-self-supporting ladder with two or more sections that lock together. (8) ARTICULATED LADDER - A ladder with locking joints that enable it to be used as a straight ladder, stepladder, work table, etc. (9) PLATFORM LADDER - A self-supporting, non-adjustable ladder with a platform at the highest standing level.
LADDER WORKING LENGTH - The distance along the side rails of a non-self-supporting ladder from the lower to the upper support points.
LAITANCE - A thin, weak, brittle layer of cement and aggregate on a concrete surface usually caused by an overly wet or overworked mixture, improper or excessive finishing, or a combination of factors. Laitance should be removed before painting to expose hidden voids in the surface.
LANYARD - A flexible line that connects a body harness or body belt to a lifeline or anchorage. Some lanyards have a shock absorber or other type of deceleration device to reduce the impact of a fall being stopped.
LAP - The region where one area of a coated surface merges into an adjacent, freshly coated area during application of a single coat to the entire surface. The "objective of the painter is to avoid showing the lap.
LATENT DAMAGE or DEFECTS - Damage to a surface by causes beyond the control of the painting contractor. Examples include, but are not limited to, LATEX - A dispersion of rubber, synthetic resin, or polymers used in paints, adhesives, or coatings.
LA EX PAINT - A paint containing a stable aqueous dispersion of synthetic resin, produced by emulsion polymerization, as the principal constituent of the binder. Modifying resins also may be present. See also EMULSION PAINT.
LEAD-BASED PAINT - Paint or other surface coatings that contain lead in excess of limits established under section 302(c) of the Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act (1 mg/sq cm of surface or 0.5 percent lead by weight). [Housing and Community Development Act of 1992] Lead in household paint has been banned by the Consumer Product Safety Commission since 1978.
LEL METER - A device used to measure the concentration of combustible vapors in an air sample.
LEVELING - Formation of a smooth film on either a horizontal or vertical surface without brush or roller marks or other irregularities.
LIFELINE - A line that connects all components of a personal fall arrest system to an anchorage on a building or structure. A vertical lifeline attaches above the work area and hangs to the ground; a horizontal lifeline hangs between two anchors.
LIFTING - Softening and raising or wrinkling of a previous coat by the application of an additional coating; often caused by the solvents.
LINING PAPER - Plain wallpaper applied to a rough, cracked, or irregular surface before wallcovering is hung to provide a smooth substrate. Also used as a lining for specialty wallcovering materials.
LINSEED OIL - Oil obtained from linseed (flaxseed); known for its durability and excellent drying properties.
LIQUID WOOD FILLER - Low viscosity material, usually containing extending pigment, used as a first coat on open-grain woods. Sometimes called a primer/surfacer.
LIVERING - An abnormal and irreversible increase in the consistency of a coating material.
LONG OIL - High ratio of oil to resin in a medium. (1) LONG OIL ALKYD - An alkyd resin containing more than 60 percent of oil as a modifying agent. (2). LONG OIL VARNISH - An oleoresinous varnish, other than alkyd, containing more than 25 gallons of oil per 100 pounds of resin. A long oil varnish is usually slower drying, tougher, and more elastic than a short oil varnish. See also MEDIUM OIL, SHORT OIL, OIL LENGTH.
LONG OIL LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL) - The concentration at ordinary ambient temperatures of a compound in air below which an explosion will not occur if the mixture is ignited. The concentration is expressed as a percent of the gas vapor in air by volume. When the concentration is above the lower explosive limit and below, the upper explosive limit (UEL), the mixture will burn and explode. See also UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT.
LOW SOLVENT COATING - A coating that contains a lower amount of volatile organic compound (VOC) than conventional organic solvent-borne coatings. Low solvent coatings usually fall into the three major groups of high solids, water-borne, or powder coatings.
LUMINOUS PAINT - A coating that emits light rather than just reflect it. There are three classes: fluorescent, which requires ultraviolet light to activate it; daylight fluorescent, which emits additional light from absorbed solar radiation; and phosphorescent, which continues to glow for some time after the external energy is removed.
