Carvél Painting Glossary E-G
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EDGE CRACKING - Cracks in the edges of drywall joints usually as a result of extreme drying conditions, such as high temperature and low humidity. A skim coat of joint compound usually will cover these cracks.
EFFLORESCENCE - An encrustation of soluble salts, commonly white, deposited on the surface of coatings, stone, brick, plaster, or mortar; usually caused by salts or free alkalies leached from mortar or adjacent concrete as moisture moves through it.
EGGSHELL - (1) Gloss lying between semigloss and flat (resembling that of an egg shell). Generally thought to be between 20 and 35 as determined with a 60-degree gloss meter. (2) An off-white color.
ELASTICITY - Property of a film that permits it to stretch or change in size and shape, returning to its original condition without breaking during the distortion. Elasticity should not be confused with toughness, tensile strength, or elongation.
ELASTOMERIC COATING - A coating made with an elastomer, a polymer with elastic properties, such as rubber.
ELECTRODEPOSITION - Dip coating application method that uses an electrical field to coat at item, which acts as an electrode and attracts the oppositely charged particles of paint in the dip tank. The paint coats the item and forms a continuous, uniform film.
ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING - A spray coating method in which atomized paint particles are charged with a high voltage electrical current, and the object or surface to be painted is grounded so that the spray is drawn to it. Electrostatic spraying offers high transfer efficiency and low overspray.
ELONGATION - The increase in length of a material under tension, usually expressed as a percentage of the original length.
EMBEDDING - Setting tape into joint compound as part of the process of finishing drywall joints.
EMBOSSING - A raised effect created by impressing a design on the back of wallcovering by means of metal rollers.
EMBRITTLEMENT - The process of becoming brittle, which may happen to a paint film with age and weathering.
EMERY CLOTH - A cloth coated with abrasive material; similar to sandpaper.
EMULSIFICATION - The process of dispersing one liquid in another (the liquids being mutually insoluble or sparingly soluble in each other). When water is one of the liquids, two types of emulsions are possible: oil in water (water is the continuous state), and water in oil. The term "oil" describes any organic liquid sparingly soluble in water.
EMULSIFIER - A material which, when added to a mix. tore of dissimilar materials, such as oil and water, or a solid and water, will produce a stable, homogeneous emulsion. An emulsifier must both promote emulsification and stabilize the finished product.
EMULSION - A liquid preparation in which minute particles or globules of another liquid, not ordinarily miscible, remain in suspension. The suspension of very small particles of oil in water or water in oil by an emulsifying agent. An emulsion in which the dispersed particles are a solid is called a suspension.
EMULSION PAINT - A paint, the vehicle of which is an emulsion of binder in water. The binder may be oil, oleoresinous varnish, resin, or other emulsifiable material. It is common practice to use the terms "emulsion" and "latex" synonymously.
ENAMEL - Topcoat which is characterized by its ability to form a smooth surface; originally associated with a high gloss, but may also include lower degrees of gloss, i.e., flat enamels.
END SEAL - Paint applied to the ends of boards in order to seal the pores to prevent the entrance of moisture that would cause decay and affect the paint film.
EPDXY AMINE - Amine-cured epoxy resin.
EPDXY ESTER - An epoxy resin partially esterified with fatty acids, rosin, etc.; single package epoxy.
EPDXY POLYAMIDE - An epoxy resin crosslinked with polyamides; also called amide-cured epoxy resin.
EPDXY POLYAMINE - An epoxy resin crosslinked with polyamines; also called amine-cured epoxy resin.
EPDXY RESIN - A resin derived from bisphenol. Used in varnishes and enamels similar to alkyds; also used in catalyzed coatings for industrial maintenance work. Outstanding chemical resistance and toughness are its chief features.
EROSION - Wearing away of the topcoating of a painted surface, e.g., by chalking or by the abrasive action of wind-borne particles of grit, which may result in exposure of the underlying surface.
ESTER SOLVENT - Organic solvent made from an alcohol and an organic acid by eliminating water. Ester solvents used in paints include ethyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, ethylene glycol, and monoethyl ether acetate.
ETCH - A method of cleaning and/or roughening a metal or concrete surface by treating it with an acid or other chemical agent before painting.
ETCH PRIMER - See WASH PRIMER.
EXTENDER PIGMENT - A pigment with low hiding power, but one that may contribute desirable properties to paint products, such as durability and porosity, when used properly. Aluminum potassium silicate (mica), calcium carbonate, and magnesium silicate are examples.
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FABRIC - (1) Woven material (usually cotton) used as backing for vinyl wallcovering. (2) Specialty wallcovering material, such as muslin or silk, used alone or with a printed finish.
FADING - Subjective term used to describe the lightening of the color of a pigmented paint following exposure to the effects of light, heat, time, temperature, chemicals, etc.
FALLOUT (SPRAY) - See OVERSPRAY.
FAN PATTERN - Shape of area where atomized paint is deposited during spray application.
FAST DRYING - A coating that dries quickly, generally in less than 24 hours.
FAST SOLVENT - Solvent that evaporates rapidly under atmospheric conditions.
FAUX FINISHES - Decorative application of solid color coats and glazes to simulate marble, granite, wood grain, etc. Also included are so-called fantasy finishes, which include spattering, rag rolling, sponging, stippling, etc.
FEATHERING - (1) Reducing the thickness of the edge of a dry paint film (e.g., the edge of a damaged area) by sanding or rubbing down prior to repainting. (2) Tapering off the edges of a coat of paint by "laying off" with a comparatively dry brush. (3) Flickering a spray gun at the end of each pass to get a tapered coating edge. (4) Tapering joint compound at the edges of a drywall joint to provide a uniform finish.
FIELD PAINTING - Coating work, including surface preparation, paint application, and inspection, done at a job site rather than in a shop.
FILLER - A pigmented composition for filling the pores or irregularities in a surface preparatory to application of other finishes. [ASTM D 16] Wood fillers are used on open-grain woods, such as oak or walnut; block fillers are used on concrete or masonry.
FILM - A layer or coat of material applied to a surface.
FILM BUILD - The achievable film thickness of one coat of paint.
FILM FORMATION MECHANISM - A film's method of drying or curing. The most common film formation mechanisms for coatings are oxidation, solvent evaporation, and polymerization.
FILM FORMER - (1) A material capable of being, applied to form a continuous dry film. (2) The part of a coating that remains on the substrate after 'curing.
FILM INTEGRITY - Degree of continuity of a coating film.
FILM THICKNESS - The wet or dry thickness of a coating on a substrate. Film thickness is measured in mils (thousandths of an inch) or microns (millionths of a meter). See also DRY FILM THICKNESS, WET FILM THICKNESS.
FILM THICKNESS GAUGE - A tool used to measure the wet or dry film thickness of a coating in mils or microns.
FINISH - An entire paint or coating system; the texture,' color, and sheen of a surface.
FINISH COAT - The last layer of coating in a painting operation. A finish coat is formulated specifically for environmental resistance and appearance. See also. TOPCOAT.
FIRE-RETARDANT COATING - A coating that will do one or more of the following: 1.) reduce the flame spread on the substrate over which the coating is applied, sometimes at the sacrifice of the coating; 2.) resist ignition of the substrate when exposed to high temperature; or 3.) insulate the substrate to which the coating is applied and thereby prolong the time required to reach its ignition, melting, or structural-weakening temperature.
FIRST COAT - The first layer of coating - sealer or primer - applied on a paint job.
FIRST LAYER - Base layer of gypsum wallboard attached to framing in multi-ply construction.
FISH EYES - Paint defect which manifests itself by the crawling of wet paint into a recognized pattern resembling small "dimples" or "fish eyes."
FISH OIL - Drying oil obtained from fish such as menhaden and sardines.
FLAKING - Detachment of small pieces of paint film.
FLAME SPRAYING - Spray application of a coating whereby metal wire, metallic powder, or thermoplastic powder is melted using a spray gun with a torch-like flame and then sprayed with compressed air. See also METALIZING, THERMAL SPRAYING, PLASMA SPRAYING.
FLAMMABILITY - Measure of the ability to burn. This word is preferred to the word "inflammability;" which sometimes is interpreted as not flammable.
FLASHING - The non-uniform appearance of a coating that dries with spotty differences in color or gloss, usually due to improper sealing of porous areas.
FLASH POINT - The lowest temperature of a liquid at which it gives off sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture with the air near the surface of the liquid or within the container used. Materials with a flash point below 100,F (38 C), such as most solvents and solvent-borne coat- ings, are considered dangerous.
FLASH RUSTING - Rusting that occurs on metal within minutes to a few hours after cleaning is complete.
FLAT APPLICATOR - A rectangular pad with an attached handle used to paint flat surfaces.
FLAT PAINT - Paint having no luster or gloss in the dried film, usually measuring less than 15 on an 85-degree gloss meter. See also GLOSS.
FLATTING AGENT - An ingredient in a coating added to reduce its gloss or produce a rubbed effect.
FLAT VARNISH - Varnish made to dry with a low-gloss finish.
FLEXIBILITY - Degree to which a coating after drying is able to conform to movement or deformation of its supporting surface without cracking or flaking.
FLOATING - The separation of pigments and/or colorants on a coating's surface.
FLOATING BUTT JOINT - Placing gypsum drywall panels so that butt joints occur between framing members. Back blocking usually is required.
FLOCK FINISH - A velvet- or damask-like finish produced with finely chopped fibers of fabric that are adhered to wallcovering in a pattern.
FLOOR AND DECK PAINT - A paint designed for excellent abrasion resistance and smooth finish. Because it is rarely applied to vertical surfaces, it is made with maximum flow to insure good leveling.
FLOOR TOPPING - A special coating applied to a concrete floor to protect it from harsh chemicals, abrasive and mechanical wear, and other detrimental conditions.
FLORAL - Wallcovering whose design features flowers and foliage, usually in natural colors and not conventionalized.
FLORAL STRIPE - Striped wallcovering pattern in which flower motifs are introduced.
FLOW - The degree to which a wet paint film can flow out (level) after application so as to eliminate brush marks and produce a uniform surface on drying. This also applies to a coating's ability to level out to eliminate roller marks, orange peel from spraying, and other film irregularities.
FLOW AGENT - Compound added to a paint to improve its flow properties after application.
FLOW COATING - Application method in which paint is poured or flowed over an object or a surface, such as the interior of pipes and small vessels or the exterior of areas inaccessible by other application methods.
FLUID TIP - The removable end of an air spray gun from which the atomized paint is sprayed and in which the needle is located.
FLUORESCENT PAINT - Luminous paint that glows only during activation by ultraviolet or "black" light. See also LUMINOUS PAINT.
FOIL - Thin, flexible sheets of metallic material backed with paper or fabric for use as wallcovering.
FORCED DRYING - Accelerating the drying process of a coating by increasing the surrounding temperature and air circulation.
FOREIGN MATTER - Insoluble foreign particles such as sand, lint, dust, and dirt that get mixed with the coating material before, during, or after application, causing the formation of raised specks in the dried film.
FORM RELEASE AGENT - Material that is applied to concrete forms to allow easy removal from poured concrete after it has cured.
FRACTURE - A break in the face paper of gypsum wall-board that requires identical treatment as joints.
FRIABLE - A material that is easily made into powder.
FULL COAT - An applied coating at its maximum or specified film thickness.
FULL GLOSS - A smooth and almost mirror-like surface when viewed from all angles; usually above 70 on a 60-degree gloss meter.
FUNGICIDE - An additive that enhances a coating's ability to resist the growth of fungus (mildew).
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GALVANIC CELL - A cell created by electrically connecting dissimilar metals or alloys in contact with the same electrolytic solution. A current then flows, accelerating the corrosion of the more active metal and preventing the corrosion of the less active metal until the more active metal is consumed.
GALVANIC CORROSION - Accelerated corrosion of the more active of the dissimilar metals or alloys electrically connected in a galvanic cell and galvanic protection of the less active of the dissimilar metals or alloys in the connection.
GALVANIC PROTECTION - (1) The selective use of galvanic corrosion to protect one metal from deterioration by connecting it to another, more active (electrically negative), sacrificial metal. Both metals must be in contact with the same body of an electrolytic solution. Zinc, magnesium, or aluminum, can be used as sacrificial metals for the galvanic protection of steel. (2) Corrosion protection of a metal in contact with an electrolytic solution by use of an impressed direct electrical current.
GALVANIZING - Applying a zinc coating to steel by dipping it in molten zinc, by depositing zinc on the steel electrolytically, or by other methods.
GELLING - Any process whereby paint or varnish thickens to jelly-like consistency. See also LIVERING.
GENERIC - (1) Belonging to an entire class or group. (2) Non-proprietary.
GILDING - Applying metal leaf for decorative effects. Gold, palladium, brass, and aluminum are used in gilding wood, metal, plaster, glass, and other surfaces.
GLAZING - Process of applying transparent or translucent coatings over a painted surface to produce blended effects.
GLAZING COMPOUND - A dough-like material consisting of pigment and vehicle, used for sealing window glass in frames. It differs from putty in that it retains its plasticity for an extended period.
GLOSS - Subjective term used to describe the relative amount and nature of mirror-like reflection. Trade practice recognizes the following stages, in increasing order of gloss: 1.) FLAT or MATTE - practically free from sheen, even when viewed from oblique angles, usually less than 15 on 85-degree gloss meter; 2.) EGGSHELL - usually 20 to 35 on 60-degree meter; 3.) SEMIGLOSS - usually 35 to 70 on 60-degree meter; FULL GLOSS - smooth and almost mirror-like surface when .viewed from all angles, usually above 70 on 60-degree meter.
GLOSS METER - Device for measuring sheen or luster.
GLOSS RETENTION - Ability of a coating to retain its original degree of sheen or gloss.
GOLD LEAF - Gold pounded into extremely thin sheets or ribbons for use in gilding.
GRAININESS - Roughness of a protective film resembling grains of sand.
GRAINING - Simulating the grain of wood by means of specially prepared colors or stains and graining tools.
GRAIN RAISING - Swelling of wood fibers caused by moisture, producing an undesirable rough surface.
GRASSCLOTH - A wallcovering made by gluing woven natural grasses onto a paper backing; also machine-printed wallcovering that simulates grasscloth.
GRAY BLAST - See COMMERCIAL BLAST CLEANING.
GRIT - (1) Coarse foreign particles in paint materials and coatings, often of irregular shape, that are hard, abrasive, and resistant to disintegration. [ASTM D 16] (2) A blast cleaning abrasive with sharp, irregular edges that is obtained from slag, minerals, steel, and other materials.
GROUND COAT - (1) Coating material applied before graining colors, glazing, or other finish coat. (2) In wallcovering, the coat of pigment applied to raw stock as background color before top colors are applied.
GUIDE COAT - A coat similar to the finish coat but of a . different color to assure good coverage when applying the finish coat.
GYPSUM - A mineral (calcium sulfate dihydrate) that is the principal core material in drywall panels. Strength and fire-resistance are its key features.
GYPSUM BACKING BOARD - Gypsum panel used as a base layer in multi-ply construction.
GYPSUM WALLBOARD - A mill-fabricated construction panel, usually 4 by 8. feet in dimension, with a gypsum core that is surfaced on the front, back, and edges with a paper covering. See also DRYWALL.
