Carvél Painting Glossary C-D
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CABLE - See WIRE ROPE.
CAKING - Hard settling of paint pigment in an unopened container during storage.
CALCIMINE - A water-thinned paint composed essentially of calcium carbonate or clay, and glue.
CATALYST - A reaction promoter. A substance that induces, alters, or accelerates a chemical reaction. A catalyst is unchanged by the reaction it creates. -In the paint industry, catalysts accelerate the cure of paint films.
CATALYTIC CURING - Mechanism by which a coating is crosslinked by the action of a catalyst as opposed to oxidation, etc. Examples of such systems are two-part epoxies and polyurethanes.
CATALYZED EPDXY COATING - A coating based on an epoxy resin (e.g., epoxy/amine or epoxy/polyamide).
CATHODIC PROTECTION - Reduction or elimination of corrosion of a metal achieved by making current flow to it from a solution by connecting it to the negative pole of some source of current. The source of the protective current may be a sacrificial metal, such as zinc, magnesium, or aluminum. The current may also be derived from a generator or battery applied through an appropriate anode, which may be consumed by the applied current, as in the case of steel, or remain substantially unaffected by the current, as in the case of graphite or platinum.
CAULKING COMPOUND - Soft, plastic material, consisting of pigment and vehicle, used for sealing joints in buildings and other structures where normal structural movement may occur or for preventing leakage. Caulking compound retains its plasticity for an extended period after application. It is available in forms suitable for application by gun or knife and in extruded preformed shapes.
CEILING JOIST - Wood or metal horizontal' framing member used for hanging drywall panels on a ceiling.
CEMENT-BASED PAINT - A paint composed of portland cement, lime, pigment, and other modifying ingredients.
CEMENTITIOUS COATING - A coating generally made of inert aggregates with an inorganic binder or cementing agent.
CENTRIFUGAL BLAST CLEANING - A blast cleaning process (usually enclosed) that uses rotating, motor-driven, bladed wheels to hurl abrasive (usually steel shot, steel grit, or a shot/grit mixture) at the surface being cleaned.
CFM - Cubic feet per minute, a measurement of compressed air flow.
CHAIR RAIL - A wood molding strip placed on walls at chair-back height for protection. Wallcovering border sometimes is hung to create a chair-rail effect.
CHALKING - The decomposition of a paint film into a loose powder on the film surface. Chalking should be removed before recoating a surface.
CHALKING RESISTANCE - The ability of a pigmented coating to resist chalking.
CHECKING - Formation of slight breaks in many possible patterns in the surface of a paint film. The breaks should be called "cracks" if they penetrate to the underlying surface. See also CRACKING.
CHECKING RESISTANCE - The ability of a coating to resist checking.
CHEMICAL STRIPPING - The use of paint remover or chemical stripping material to soften an existing coating for removal by scraping and/or flushing.
CHINTZ PAPER - In wallcovering, a paper reproducing a printed cotton drapery material. It usually is printed in brightly colored designs.
CHIPPING - (1) Removal of paint or rust and scale by mechanical means (such as a chipping hammer). (2) Total or partial removal of a dried paint film in flakes by accidental damage or wear during service.
CHIPPING HAMMER - A hand tool used to remove layers of loose paint, loose rust, and loose mill scale from steel surfaces. The heads of chipping hammers come in various configurations.
CHIPPING RESISTANCE - The ability of a coating or layers of coatings to resist total or partial removal, usually in small pieces, resulting from impact by hard objects or from wear during service.
CHLORINATED RUBBER - Synthetic resin made by chlorinating rubber or other polymers under specified conditions. It is soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and turpentine; it is insoluble in lacquer solvents and alcohol. Coatings made from chlorinated rubber resins have good chemical resistance.
CHLORINATED SOLVENT - An organic solvent that contains chlorine atoms. Examples are chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride, methylene chloride, tetrachlorethane, and trichlorethylene. They are used as paint removers and cleaning solutions.
CHROMA - Intensity or depth of color. The quality of a color that relates to its concentration.
CLOSED ABRASIVE BLAST CLEANING -Compressed air or centrifugal blast cleaning done within a localized containment or enclosure that surrounds the abrasive stream. The enclosure is held to the surface to create a seal and is equipped with a vacuum to remove spent abrasive and debris simultaneously with the blasting operation. When compressed air is used to propel the abrasive, the technique often is called "vacuum blasting." When wheels are used to propel the abrasive, the technique often is called "wheel blasting."
CLOSED-COAT ABRASIVE - An abrasive material, such as sandpaper, in which the grains completely cover the backing material. See also OPEN-COAT ABRASIVE.
CLOSED-GRAIN WOOD - Wood with tight, close grain that requires little preparation to make it smooth. Examples include birch and maple. See also OPEN-GRAIN WOOD.
COALESCENCE - The mechanism of film formation by evaporation of water from an emulsion or latex coating.
COALESCING SOLVENT (OR AGENT) - A solvent with a high boiling point, which, when added to a coating, aids in film formation by temporary softening of the vehicle. The coalescing solvent softens and melds the individual pigmented resin particles during the final stages of drying, enabling a relatively continuous coating film to be formed.
COAL TAR - A black or dark brown, solid or semisolid, cementitious material that gradually liquefies when heated. It is obtained as a residue from the coking of coal.
COAL TAR EPDXY COATING - A high performance, corrosion-resistant coating with both coal tar and epoxy resin in the binder or vehicle.
COAL TAR URETHANE COATING - A high performance, corrosion-resistant coating with both coal tar-and polyurethane resin in the binder or vehicle.
COATED ABRASIVE - Abrasive material bonded to a backing material. It comes in various forms, including sheets, rolls, discs, belts, and flaps. See also NON- WOVEN ABRASIVE PAD.
COATING - (1) A liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that is converted to a solid protective, decorative, or functional adherent film after application as a thin layer. (2) Generic term for paints, lacquers, enamels, etc.
COATING SYSTEM - A protective film consisting of one or more coats, applied in a specified order by prescribed methods.
COATING WORK - An all-inclusive term to define all operations required to accomplish a complete coating job; construed to include materials, equipment, labor, preparation of surfaces, control of ambient conditions, application of coating systems, and inspection.
COBWEBBING - Production of fine filaments (cobwebs) instead of the normal atomized particles when some coatings are sprayed.
CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS (CFR) - A codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the federal government. Included in the CFR are a large number of regulations by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that apply to painting operations.
COHESION - The propensity of a single substance to adhere to itself. The ability of a single coating layer to resist internal partitioning or fracturing.
COLD CHECKING - Formation of checks slight breaks in a coating film after exposure to hot and cold temperature cycles.
COLD CRACKING - Formation of cracks breaks in a coating film that penetrate to the underlying surface as a result of cold temperatures or temperature cycling.
COLOR - (1) The colors of the spectrum. (2) The colorants used to produce various colors in paints and stains. (3) The act of applying color to an object with paints and stains. (4) An aspect of appearance based on visual response to light, and consisting of the three dimensions of hue, saturation, and light.
COLORANT - Any substance that imparts color to another material or mixture. Colorants can be either dyes or pigments. See also UNIVERSAL COLORANT.
COLORFASTNESS - The degree of permanency of a color in a coating or wallcovering in the presence of light or after repeated cleaning.
COLOR PIGMENT - Organic or inorganic pigment that provides color to a paint.
COLOR RANGE - The extent of colors. This includes tints, tones, and shades of basic hues and mixtures thereof. Paint manufacturers' systems of color tint bases used in conjunction with colorants to produce a wide range of colors, including pastel, mid-tone, deep-tone, ultra deep-tone, and variations thereof.
COLOR RUN - The amount of rolls of wallcovering produced at any one time. A repeat run at another time probably will not exactly match the color(s) of the original run, so it is given another run number.
COMBING - Using a comb or similar device to create a pattern in a wet coating.
COMMERCIAL BLAST CLEANING - Moderate grade of blast cleaning. According to Steel Structures Painting Council Surface Preparation Specification No. 6, "Commercial Blast Cleaning" (SSPC-SP 6), a commercial blast cleaned surface is free of all visible oil, grease, dirt, dust, mill scale, rust, paint, oxides, corrosion products, and other foreign matter; staining is limited to no more than 33 percent of each square inch of surface area. Commercial blast cleaning also is defined in NACE No. 3, "Commercial Blast Cleaned Surface Finish."
COMPANION WALLCOVERING - A set of two wallcoverings usually designed and colored for use in the decoration of the same or adjoining rooms; sometimes referred to as ensembles.
COMPATIBLE - The capability of different materials, including paints, to be blended or mixed without detrimental effects, or to be applied-on top of one another.
COMPLEMENTARY COLORS - Two contrasting or opposite colors on the color wheel. Examples: blue and orange, red and green, purple and yellow.
COMPLIANCE COATING - A coating whose volatile organic compound content does not exceed that allowed by regulation. Compliance coatings may be waterborne, low solvent (high solids), or powder.
COMPLIANCE PROGRAM - A written program required of an employer by federal law to identify the methods, such as engineering, work practice, and administrative controls, that will be implemented to reduce employee exposure to a hazardous material to a level at or below the permissible exposure limit (PEL).
CONCRETE - A mixture of portland cement, aggregates, water, and sometimes admixtures.
CONSISTENCY - The apparent viscosity of a non-Newtonian material when shearing forces of varying degree are applied to it in various ways (e.g., when it is stirred in the can, poured from one container to another, brushed, or. otherwise spread out over a surface). See also THIXOTROPIC, VISCOSITY.
CONSOLIDANT - A liquid wood epoxy that reinforces or restores damaged or disintegrated wood. It consists of resin and a hardener that, when mixed together properly, can be used to repair rotted, dried out, or spongy wood. It also can be used to reinforce other porous building materials, such as plaster.
CONTAINMENT - An enclosure designed to limit dust, debris, paint chips, paint dust, spent abrasives, and overspray from contaminating the environment. The type, concentration, and toxicity of the contamination determine the extent of containment required. Types of containment include free-hanging enclosures, partial structure enclosures, total structure enclosures, and total structure enclosures with negative pressure.
CONTAINMENT SYSTEM - A system that includes the containment structure (i.e., containment walls, floor, supporting structure, and entryways); ventilation system (forced or natural air input ports, and natural or mechanical exhaust); and, in some cases, dust collection equipment.
CONVENTIONAL AIR SPRAYING - A coating application method using a nozzle to direct compressed air to atomize the liquid paint stream. The adjustments on air spray equipment offer the applicator a high degree of control of the application process.
CONVERTER - A material that causes change; a catalyst, curing agent, promoter.
COPAL - A natural resin exuded from various tropical plants, and often are named for their place of origin, such as Zanzibar and Manila.
COPOLYMER - See POLYMER.
CORE BOARD - A gypsum wallboard panel designed to receive one or more successive layers of regular gypsum wallboard.
CORNER BEAD - An angled metal strip that is attached to the outside corner of drywall panels and finished with joint compound. It is designed to protect the corner from damage.
CORNICE HOOK - A steel, hook-like device that attaches to a roof, parapet, or other structural support for rigging scaffolding.
CORRELATED - Different types of merchandise related in color and design, such as wallcovering and fabric or a series of wallcoverings that are made to be used together.
CORROSION - The deterioration of metal or concrete by chemical or electrochemical reaction resulting from exposure to weather, moisture, chemicals, or other agents in the environment in which it is placed.
CORROSION-INHIBITIVE PIGMENT - A pigment which when made into a paint has the property of minimizing corrosion of the substrate to which it is applied.
COUPLINGS, AIR HOSE - Devices used to join hoses used in abrasive blasting. Couplings should be wired together to prevent them from accidentally disconnecting during use.
COVERAGE - Ambiguous term used in some cases to refer to "hiding power" and in others to mean "spreading rate." The more precise terms are preferred. See also SPREADING RATE, HIDING POWER.
CRACKING - Generally, the splitting of a dry paint or varnish film, usually as a result of aging. The following terms are used to denote the nature and extent of this defect: 1.) HAIR-CRACKING - Fine cracks that do not penetrate the topcoat; they occur erratically and at random. 2.) CHECKING - Fine cracks that do not penetrate the topcoat and are distributed over the surface, giving the semblance of a small pattern. 3.) CRACKING - Specifically, a breakdown in which the cracks penetrate at least one coat and which may be expected to result ultimately in complete failure. 4.) CRAZING - Resembles checking, but the cracks are deeper and broader. 5.) CROCODILING or ALLIGATORING - A drastic type of crazing, producing a pattern resembling the hide of a crocodile. 6.) MUD CRACKING - Sharply defined wide cracks usually occurring in a pattern. Associated with shrinkage of pigmented coatings upon drying. Often results from excessive film build.
CRACKING RESISTANCE - The ability of a coating to resist breaks of the film where the breaks extend through to the surface painted and the underlying surface is visible.
CRACKLE - Topcoat cracking caused by premature application of the topcoat to a previous coat that is insuf- ciently dry.
CRACKLE FINISH - A finish with a topcoat that shrinks and cracks to reveal an undercoat, usually of a different color.
CRATERING - Formation of small, round depressions in a coating film but that do not expose the previous coat or the substrate.
CRAWLING - A defect in which a wet coating "crawls," leaving an uneven and sometimes uncoated surface area shortly after application.
CRAZING - See CRACKING. CREEPING - See CRAWLING.
CREVICE CORROSION - Corrosion that occurs within or adjacent to a crevice formed by contact with another piece of the same or another metal or with a nonmetallic material. When this occurs, the intensity of attack is usually more severe than on surrounding areas of the same surface.
CROCKING - (1) Removal of color upon abrasion or rubbing. (2) Staining of a white cloth by rubbing lightly over a colored surface.
CROCKING RESISTANCE - The ability of a wallcovering or coating not to transfer color when rubbed -or abraded.
CROCODILING - See ALLIGATORING, CRACKING.
CROSSLINKING - A particular method by which chemicals unite, or link, to form polymer films.
CROSS-SPRAY APPLICATION - A two-pass spray operation. An area first is covered by parallel spray passes in one direction; then, while the coating is still wet, the area is covered again with parallel spray passes made at a right angle to the first.
CROW'S FOOTING - A pattern of wrinkles in a coating film that look like a crow's foot. This defect, sometimes called "gas checking," may result from the presence of combustion products of natural gas or coal gas in the atmosphere while the film is drying.
CURE - The process by which a coating changes from its liquid state into a final, more stable, solid, protective film by chemical reaction with oxygen, moisture, or chemical additives, or by application of heat or radiation.
CURING AGENT - An additive, sometimes called a hardener or promoter, that helps a coating film cure by chemical reaction. See also CATALYST.
CURING COMPOUND - A coating designed to retard rapid evaporation of moisture from fresh concrete during the curing process in order to strengthen it.
CURTAINING - See SAGS.
CUTTING IN - Painting corners and the perimeter of windows and doors with a brush prior to roller application of paint to the walls and ceiling. An operation calling for most careful workmanship to keep a clean edge, such as cutting in on a window sash.
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DECORATIVE PAINTING - Painting done primarily for appearance rather than for protection.
DEEP (Color) - Intense, strong color with no apparent presence of black.
DEEP-TONE BASE - Paint base used to develop deep colors. Might contain small amount of white.
DEFOAMER - Additive used to control or prevent foam during the manufacture or application of coatings.
DEHUMIDIFY - To remove water vapor from the atmosphere.
DELAND:NATION - Separation of a coat or coats of paint . from the previous coat or from the substrate.
DENSITY - A measure of mass per unit volume. The density of paint is usually expressed as pounds per gallon.
DESCENT CONTROL - A mechanical device that connects a lanyard to a lifeline in a personal fall arrest system. It works like a rope grab, and limits the distance that a worker wearing a properly connected body harness can fall. However, a descent control also lets the worker unlock the grabbing device and slowly descend the lifeline to the ground or surface.
DETAIL SANDER - A power tool with a small, oscillating sanding pad attached to a handle for smoothing otherwise inaccessible corners and edges.
DETERGENT - A synthetic, organic cleaning agent that is liquid- or water-soluble and has wetting agent and emulsifying properties.
DEW POINT - Temperature at which air becomes saturated with water and produces dew or moisture.
DILUENT - A liquid that usually is blended with an active solvent of a varnish lacquer. A diluent may not necessarily be a solvent for the solid ingredients, but nevertheless, its addition can be tolerated within certain limits.
DIMPLE - Impression in drywall board formed by the crowned head of a hammer without breaking the paper facing.
DIPPING - Application method in which an object is immersed in a coating and then withdrawn. Excess coating material that drains off can be collected and recycled. This method is used in factories to coat small, difficult to paint, or fabricated items.
DISBONDING - Coating separation. Intercoat disbonding is the failure of a coating to adhere to a previous coating layer or to the substrate to which it has been applied. Intracoat disbonding is the failure of a coating layer to cohere or hold itself together.
DISCOLORATION - A change in the color of a coating or wallcovering after application. Causes may include exposure to sunlight or chemical atmospheres.
DISC SANDER - A power tool that uses a revolving, flat, circular, abrasive disc to remove heavy coatings or contaminants. A disc sander works well on metal or concrete, but because it can easily gouge a surface, it may be too rough for wood or plaster.
DISPERSING AGENT - Additive that increases the stability of a suspension of powders or pigments in a liquid medium. Also called a dispersant.
DISPERSION - (1) Process of dispersing a dry powder or pigments in a liquid medium in such a way that the individual particles become separated from one another and are reasonably evenly distributed throughout the entire liquid medium. (This usually is accomplished by rapid, high-shear mixing or agitation.) (2) Two-phase system in which one phase; called the dispersed phase (usually solid or liquid), is permanently distributed as small particles through the second phase, called the continuous phase (usually liquid).
DOUBLE CUT SEAM - A wallcovering seam made by overlapping two strips of wallcovering, cutting through both strips at the same time, and then removing the overlapping and underlapping pieces.
DOUBLE ROLL - A package of wallcovering containing the surface area equivalent of two single rolls.
DRAG - The resistance of paint to being spread by a brush. Paint with a lot of drag is hard to work with a brush.
DRIER - Compound of certain metals that hastens the drying action of oil-based paints and varnishes. Most driers are solutions of metallic soaps in oils and volatile solvents.
DROP - (1) The hanging of one strip of wallcovering. (2) One vertical descent of a scaffold.
DROP CLOTH - A large piece of fabric or plastic used to protect furniture, rugs, and other articles, as well as bushes, shrubs, sidewalks, etc., from damage.
DROP MATCH - A diagonal match of the design elements of a wallcovering pattern. A drop match may be either a half drop (every other strip is the same) or a multiple drop (the design repeats every three, four, or more strips).
DRY FALL/FOG COATING - A coating specially formulated with a solvent system that will evaporate after spray application in the time required for overspray to freely fall about 9 to 13 feet to the floor or ground. These coatings are designed for application to interior or exterior surfaces where overspray can be a problem.
DRY FILM THICKNESS(DFT) - Thickness of a coating when dry; often measured with a dry film thickness gauge and expressed in mils or microns.
DRY-HIDING - Increase in the hiding power of a paint that occurs in the drying process. It is most significant in nonglossy paints. See also WET-HIDING.
DRYING OIL - An oil that converts to a solid film when exposed to oxygen in the air. Vegetable oils (i.e., linseed, tung, dehydrated castor, oiticica) and fish oils (i.e., menhaden) are used.
DRYING TIME - Time required for an applied film of a coating to reach the desired stage of cure, hardness, or nontackiness.
DRY SPRAY - A rough, powdery, non-coherent film produced when an atomized coating partially dries before reaching the surface. See also BOUNCE BACK, OVERSPRAY.
DRY-TO-HANDLE TIME - The drying time needed for a film of paint or varnish to harden sufficiently so that it can be handled without marring.
DRY-TO-RECOAT TIME - The drying time required between the applications of successive coats of paint or varnish.
DRY-TO-TOUCH TIME - The drying time needed for a film of paint or varnish to harden sufficiently so that it is tack free when touched lightly.
DRYWALL - A generic term referring to various types of gypsum wallboards that are assembled to form a complete wall product or used for other building purposes such as soffit. Special types of drywall panels include: 1.) WATER-RESISTANT DRYWALL - A drywall used for tile backing in high-moisture areas, such as kitchens and baths. 2.) FOIL-BACKED DRYWALL - A drywall designed to form a vapor barrier when the foil side faces the framing. 3.) TYPE X DRYWALL - A drywall treated to be extra fire-retardant. 4.) EXTERIOR SOFFIT DRYWALL - A drywall made for eaves, soffit, porch or patio ceilings, and other exterior areas not directly exposed to weather. 5.) PREDECORATED DRYWALL - A drywall treated with paint or wallcovering during manufacturing. 6.) BACKING BOARD - A drywall designed for use as a base layer for multi-ply constructions.
DRYWALL NAIL - A nail specially coated with cement or made with concentric rings and grooves for securely attaching drywall panels to wood framing.
DULL FINISH - A coating with almost a dead flat finish.
DULL RUBBING - Rubbing a dried film of finishing material to a dull finish, usually with abrasive materials such as pumice, rottenstone, or steel wool moistened with oil or water.
DUST FREE - The absence of dust on a surface or a coating film.
DUTCH METAL - Thin leaves of bright brass used for overlaying in the same manner in which gold leaf is applied.
DWELL TIME - The time that a blasting nozzle remains pointed at any spot on the surface being cleaned. Loose contaminants and paint require a shorter dwell time to remove than tightly adherent materials.
DYE - A material used for dyeing or staining, usually dissolved in oil, water, or alcohol. Aniline colors is a term loosely used for coal tar dyes or derivatives.
DYE LOT - The dye lot or printing number on rolls of wallcovering indicates whether they were printed at the same time. Because of slight differences in the color, alignment, and appearance of wallcoverings printed in different runs, only rolls from the same print run should be used for a job.
