Carvél Painting Glossary A-B
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ABRASION - The process by which a coating or a surface layer is removed or eroded by rubbing, scraping, sanding, or blasting with an abrasive material.
ABRASION RESISTANCE - The ability of a coating to resist being worn away and to maintain its original appearance and structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping, or .erosion.
ABRASIVE - A material used for wearing away a surface. 1.) Rubbing abrasives such as powdered pumice, rottenstone, sandpaper, or steel wool are used to smooth rough surfaces before painting or to produce fine finishes on woodwork. 2.) Blast cleaning abrasives are particles of controlled mesh sizes propelled by compressed air, water, or centrifugal force to clean and roughen a surface. Various types include: a.) natural minerals, such as sand, flint, garnet, staurolite, and olivine; b.) mineral slags from copper, nickel, or coal; c.) manufactured materials, such as aluminum oxide, cast steel, malleable iron, chilled cast iron, glass beads, plastic pellets, and baking soda; d.) agricultural items, such as walnut shells, corncobs, rice, and peach pits.
ABRASIVE BLAST CLEANING - The process of propelling an abrasive material against a surface by means of air pressure, centrifugal force, water pressure, or a mix of compressed air and water. The purpose is to clean and usually to roughen or profile the surface. Stand-off distance, angle of attack, and dwell time affect the quality and effectiveness of the process.
ABRASIVE BREAKDOWN RATE - The rate at which abrasive particles become too small to be reused after a certain number of blasting cycles.
ABRASIVE PAD - See NONWOVEN ABRASIVE PAD.
ABSORPTION - Process of soaking up, or assimilation of one substance by another.
ABSTRACT - A pattern or motif not based on natural forms, such as an abstract pattern of wallcovering.
ACCELERATOR - A material that speeds the curing or crosslinking of certain coatings.
ACCENT - Any bright object or color used in decorating that draws attention.
ACID ETCHING - (1) A method of preparing concrete for painting, using a solution of diluted hydrochloric acid, diluted phosphoric acid, or citric acid to clean the surface and provide a texture for improved coating adhesion. (2) A method of cleaning impurities from steel, such as pickling.
ACRYLIC RESIN - A synthetic resin made from derivatives of acrylic acid, having excellent color and clarity. Used in both emulsion and solvent-based paints.
ACTIVATOR - A catalyst or curing agent.
ADDITIVE - A substance added to a coating formulation to adjust, enhance, or improve the emulsion, suspension, drying, application, weathering, or other properties.
ADHESION - The degree of attraction between a coating and a substrate or between two coatings; sometimes called "bonding strength." Adhesion is a measure of attraction between coatings; cohesion is a measure of attraction within a coating.
ADVANCING COLOR - A color that gives an illusion of being close or advancing toward the observer. Warm colors such as red or orange are considered advancing colors. See also RETREATING COLOR.
AERIAL LIFT - Portable, heavy-duty equipment used to raise a worker from the ground to an elevated job site. See also BOOM LIFT, SCISSORS LIFT.
AGITATOR - Device for stirring or mixing.
AIR ABRASIVE BLAST CLEANING - A process using compressed air to propel abrasive particles against a surface to be cleaned. The terms "closed blast cleaning" and "open blast cleaning" indicate whether a localized containment surrounds the blast stream or not.
AIR-ASSISTED AIRLESS SPRAYING - A modification of the airless spraying paint application system. It uses pressurized air at the edges of the airless spray pattern to more fully atomize paint. As a result, lower airless spray pressure can be used to achieve proper atomization.
AIR COMPRESSOR - Machinery that creates high air pressure by forcing or compressing large quantities of air into a receiving tank. The volume output, measured in cubic feet per minute, depends upon the compressor size. In painting, compressed air is used for air abrasive blast cleaning, air-operated power tools, spray painting, air-fed hoods, etc.
AIR DRY - The process of curing or drying a coating at ordinary room conditions (temperature of 60 to 80 F with 40 to 60 percent relative humidity).
AIR ENTRAPMENT - Air bubbles trapped in wet or dry paint film.
AIRLESS SPRAYING - A coating application system that uses hydraulic pressure instead of air to atomize paint. Atomization is achieved by forcing the paint at high pressure (2,000 to 3,000 psi) through a spray nozzle with a small orifice. The spray pattern and flow of paint are controlled by the size and shape of the orifice.
AIR SPRAYING See CONVENTIONAL AIR SPRAYING
AIR VOLUME - Quantity of air measured in cubic feet (usually per minute) at normal atmospheric pressure.
ALCOHOL SOLVENT - A solvent with high polarity and a strong affinity for water. Alcohol solvents used in paints include ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol), isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol), and n-butanol (n-butyl alcohol). Methanol (methyl alcohol, wood alcohol) is used mainly in paint removers.
ALIPHATIC SOLVENT - Hydrocarbon solvent composed mainly of open chain hydrocarbons derived from paraffin-based crude oil. Typical aliphatic solvents include VM&P naphtha, hexane, and heptane. See also AROMATIC SOLVENT, NAPHTHA.
ALKALI - A substance that neutralizes acids, such as lye, soda, lime, etc. Alkalies or strong alkaline solutions are highly destructive to oil paint films.
ALKALINE CLEANER - A cleaner that saponifies certain oils and greases and washes away other types of contaminants. Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) is an example. Use of trisodium phosphate (TSP) is no longer allowed in some areas because of environmental regulations.
ALKALINE PAINT STRIPPER - A paint stripper made of relatively diluted concentrations of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), potassium hydroxide, and other highly alkaline materials, often combined with solvents and detergents. These strippers are effective only on oleoresinous-type coatings.
ALKYD RESIN - A synthetic resin which is a condensation product involving a polybasic acid and a polyhydric alcohol, usually with the addition of a modifying agent. Alkyd resin is used in paints, varnishes, and lacquers. See also LONG OIL, MEDIUM OIL, SHORT OIL, OIL LENGTH.
ALLIGATORING - A paint surface defect that forms cracks resembling alligator hide. Also known as crocodiling. See also CRACKING.
ALL-OVER DESIGN - Floral, foliage, or scroll patterns, as distinguished from stripes and textures, that cover an entire wallcovering without any feature standing out prominently.
ALUMINUM LEAF - Aluminum in very thin sheets or flakes used for decorative applications.
ALUMINUM PAINT - A coating mixture of finely divided aluminum particles combined with a suitable vehicle.
ALUMINUM PASTE - Metallic aluminum flake pigment in paste form, consisting of aluminum, solvent, and various additives. The metallic aluminum pigment can be in the form of very small, coated leaves or amorphous powder, known by the respective designations of "leafing" and "nonleafing." [Paint/Coatings • Dictionary]
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE - The temperature of the surrounding area or environment.
AMIDE - Curing agent combined with epoxy resins.
AMINE - Curing agent combined with epoxy resins.
ANALOGOUS - Similar or comparable; adjacent colors on a color wheel.
ANCHORAGE - The mechanical effect of paint "keying" itself into the surface to which it has been applied.
ANCHOR PATTERN - Contour or roughness of a surface, especially after blast-cleaning, that gives paint an anchor for gripping to the substrate and forming a tight bond. Also known as "profile."
ANGLE BLASTING - Blast cleaning with the angle between the blast stream and the surface being less than 90 degrees.
ANGLE OF ATTACK - Angle of the blast stream to the surface. Common angles of attack: 45 to 60 degrees for old paint; 60 to 70 degrees for general blast cleaning; 80 to 90 degrees for rust, mill scale, and heavily pitted surfaces.
ANTI-CORROSION PAINT - Coating used for preventing the corrosion of metals and, more particularly, specially formulated to prevent the rusting of iron and steel. ,
ANTI-FOULING PAINT - Final coat of paint applied to the hull of a ship below the water line; formulated to prevent the growth of barnacles, algae, and other organisms.
ANTIQUE FINISH - A finish that gives a surface the appearance of age or wear.
ANTI-SHINNING AGENT - Any material added to a coating to prevent or retard the processes of oxidation or polymerization that result in the formation of an insoluble skin on the surface of the coating in a container.
APPLICATION - Any process by which a coating is applied to a surface, including brushing, spraying, dipping, rolling, flowing, troweling, and spreading with a pad or mitt.
APPLICATOR - (1) A person or contractor who applies a coating. (2) A tool for applying coatings.
APPLIQUE - A design or ornament applied to another surface. In wallcovering, cutouts applied to a plain, textured, or figured background.
APPRENTICE PAINTER - One engaged in learning the painting trade who is covered by a written agreement with an employer, association of employers, or other responsible agency. Such an agreement provides for a certain number of years of reasonably continuous employment and for participation in an approved program of training in related technical and general subjects.
ARCHITECTURAL COATING - Coating intended for on-site application to interior or exterior surfaces of residential, commercial, institutional, or industrial buildings. [ASTM D 16]
ARCING - Swinging a spray gun away from a perpendicular position to the surface, causing the coating to be applied thinner at the end of a spray pass than at the center.
AROMATIC SOLVENT - Hydrocarbon solvent with greater solvency than aliphatic solvents. Xylene (xylol), toluene (toluol), and high flash naphtha are aromatic solvents used in coatings. See also ALIPHATIC SOLVENT, NAPHTHA.
ASPHALT - Black or dark brown solid or semisolid cementitious material that gradually liquefies when heated. The predominating constituents are bitumens, which occur in solid or semisolid form in nature or are obtained by refining petroleum.
ASPHALT CUTBACK - Asphalt or coal tar dissolved in a suitable aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon solvent to lower its viscosity for application. Also known as bitu-minous cutback.
ASPHALT EMULSION - An emulsion of minute particles of asphalt or coal tar, emulsifying agents, and inert filling materials in water. Unlike straight bitumens, these emulsions do not need to be heated for application.
ASPHALT MASTIC - A mixture of sand, crushed limestone, and fiber bound with asphalt to produce a thick film coating.
ASPHALT VARNISH - A varnish usually composed of asphalt or pitch, heat-treated with gilsonite, and thinned with mineral spirits or naphtha.
ATOMIZE - The process of breaking a stream of liquid into small particles, such as a spray nozzle does to paint during application.
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BACK BLOCKING - Applying additional thickness of gypsum wallboard by adhesive at a back joint, usually on ceilings, to reduce ridging or beading.
BACKER ROD - A rod of foam or similar material that is inserted into wide joints or cracks (generally from 3/8 inch to 3 inches or more) to provide a backing for caulking or sealant material.
BACK PRIMING - Applying a coat of paint to the back of woodwork or exterior siding to prevent moisture from getting into the wood and causing the grain to swell.
BARRIER COAT - Coating used to isolate a paint system from the surface to which it is applied in order to prevent chemical or physical interaction between them (e.g., to prevent the paint solvent from attacking the underlying paint or to prevent bleeding from underlying paint or material).
BARRIER PIGMENT - A pigment that can improve a coating's ability to provide a good barrier between the environment and the substrate it protects.
BASKET-WEAVE DESIGN - In wall covering, a loosely woven fabric effect that represents the weave of a basket or coarse matting.
BATCH - The total quantity of paint or other material that is manufactured in a single processing and/or filling operation.
BATCH DATE - The manufacture date of a batch of paint. It is useful for gauging shelf life. If the batch date is not apparent on the can, contact the supplier for information.
BEAD - Heavy accumulation of a coating that occurs at the lower edge of a panel or other vertical surface as the result of excessive flowing.
BELT SANDER - A power tool with a continuous belt of abrasive that moves in one direction.
BINDER - Nonvolatile portion of a paint which serves to bind or cement the pigment particles together. Oils and varnishes are examples of binders.
BITUMASTIC - An asphalt or coal tar mastic (thick-film) protective coating used primarily for waterproofing.
BITUMEN - Originally asphalt; now any mineral hydrocarbon, but usually black pitchy material.
BITUMINOUS COATING - An asphalt or tar compound used to provide a protective finish for a surface. It may be applied as hot melt, solvent cutback, or water emulsion.
BLAST ANGLE - Angle of blasting nozzle or angle of par-tide propelled from centrifugal blasting wheels to a surface being blast-cleaned.
BLAST CLEANING - See ABRASIVE BLAST CLEANING.
BLASTING ENCLOSURE - A movable enclosure that is held against a surface being blast-cleaned. It usually has a vacuum to remove spent abrasive, dust, and paint particles simultaneously with the blasting operation.
BLAST NOZZLF - Device through which abrasive is propelled during blast cleaning. The liner material (ceramic, cast, iron, tungsten carbide or boron carbide) determines the life and cost of the nozzle. The design (straight bore or Venturi style) controls velocity and the blast pattern.
BLAST. POT - A container that holds abrasive material until it is fed to the blast nozzle in air abrasive blast cleaning systems.
BLEACHING - Restoring natural color to, stained or discolored wood or making wood lighter in color by using an acid or bleaching agent.
BLEACH SOLUTION - A solution of water and household bleach used to disinfect and remove mildew from a surface before painting.
BLEEDING - The diffusion of coloring matter through a coating from the substrate; also, the discoloration arising from such diffusion. [ASTM D 16] Bleeding often can be prevented or reduced by application of a barrier coating. The term also applies to diffusion of rust or wax through a coating.
BLENDING - (1) Mixing two or more materials together. (2) Gradually shading from one color to another, as in glazing.
BLISTERING - (1) Formation .of dome-shaped projections in paints or varnish films resulting from local loss of adhesion and lifting of the film from the underlying surface. It may be caused by solvent entrapment, moisture diffusion through the coating, or excessive moisture, heat, or sap in a substrate. (2) A bubble of entrapped air or a paste lump under wallcovering.
BLOCK COAT - A barrier coat or transition primer/tie coat between incompatible paints.
BLOCK FILLER - A heavily pigmented coating used to fill the pores of cinder or concrete block.
BLOCKING - The undesirable sticking together of two painted surfaces when pressed together under normal conditions or under specified conditions of temperature, pressure, and relative humidity.
BLUSHING - Film defect that appears as a milky opalescence as the film dries; can be a temporary or permanent condition. It is generally caused by rapid evaporation, moisture, or incompatibility. Frequently synonymous with blooming.
BOATSWAIN'S CHAIR - See BOSUN'S CHAIR.
BODY - Apparent consistency or viscosity of a paint as assessed subjectively. A practical term widely used to give a qualitative picture of consistency.
BODY BELT - A belt worn around the waist and properly used to hold a worker in position on an elevated vertical workplace, such as a wall. OSHA is phasing out use of body belts for fall protection.
BODY HARNESS - A full-body harness is a device, worn around the torso, including the shoulders, chest, waist, upper legs, and thighs as part of a personal fall arrest system. It attaches to a lanyard and lifeline, which is secured to a structure.
BOLT - A roll of wallcovering containing the surface area equivalent of two or three single rolls. A bolt usually provides more usable material and less waste than the equivalent number of single rolls. Bolts are priced by the linear yard.
BOND-BREAKER TAPE - A special tape used to prevent caulk or sealant from sticking to the back of a joint. It allows the sealant to move with the joint.
BOND COAT - Coating used to improve the adherence of succeeding coats.
BONDING STRENGTH - The adhesion between a coating film or wallcovering adhesive and a substrate or previous coating film.
BOOKING - Folding a strip of wallcovering paste side to paste side after the adhesive has been applied or activated and giving it a brief curing period before hanging it.
BOOM LIFT - Portable, heavy-duty equipment with a single or articulated arm that can maneuver an enclosed work platform and worker(s) to a position above or below the area where the boom lift is cated; sometimes called a "cherry picker."
BORDER - A narrow strip of wallcovering used as a decorative accent. It may be placed along walls at the ceiling, around windows or doors as a frame, or around a room to create a chair-rail effect.
BOSUN'S CHAIR - A chair-like device suspended from a single cable or rope and designed for use by a single individual, who is limited to working in a sitting position. It provides accessibility to work areas not easily reached by larger scaffolding systems.
BOUNCE BACK - The rebound of atomized paint particles during spray application. This effect is most pronounced when paint is being applied into corners or boxed areas. See also DRY SPRAY, OVERSPRAY.
BOXING - Mixing paint by pouring it from one container to another several times to assure uniform consistency and smoothness.
BREAKING STRENGTH - The ability of a wallcovering to resist initial tearing.
BRIDGING - The ability of a coating to cover a crack, a void, or other small gap on a surface.
BRIGHT BLAST - See WHITE METAL BLAST CLEANING.
BRISTLE - Fibers bundled together and attached to a handle to form a brush for application of coating materials. Bristles may be natural (hog hair) or synthetic (nylon, polyester, or blends).
BROAD KNIFE - A multipurpose hand tool with a blade up to about 10 to 12 inches wide. It can be used to fill holes and cracks with spackling compound or patching material, to apply joint compound and drywall tape to seams of drywall panels, to crease wall-covering, or as a cutting guide.
BRUSH - See PAINT BRUSH, WIRE BRUSH.
BRUSHABILITY - The ability or ease with which a paint . can be brushed under practical conditions.
BRUSH MARK - Marks in a coating produced by the bristles of a brush during application. Brush marks may or may not remain in the dried coating, depending on its leveling characteristics.
BRUSH-OFF BLAST CLEANING - Blast cleaning standard with the lowest quality requirements. According to Steel Structures Painting Council Surface Preparation Specification No. 7, "Brush-off Blast Cleaning" (SSPC-SP 7), a brush-off blast cleaned surface is free of all visible oil, grease, dirt, dust, loose mill scale, loose rust, and loose paint. Tightly adherent mill scale, rust, and paint may remain on the surface. Brush-off blast cleaning also is defined in NACE No. 4, "Brush-off Blast Cleaned Surface Finish."
BUBBLING - Film defect, temporary or permanent, in which bubbles of air, solvent vapor, or both are present in the applied film.
BUG HOLE - An air pocket left on or near the surface of vertical formed concrete or horizontal laid concrete. Bug holes should be filled before painting in order to provide a uniform, solid substrate.
BUILT-UP SCAFFOLD - A scaffold constructed from the ground up at a job site. There are two main types: 1.) TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDING, which uses external couplers to join the posts, braces, runners, and bearers of the system; 2.) TUBULAR WELDED FRAME SCAFFOLDING, which has prefabricated welded" panels of various sizes that are joined with horizontal, diagonal, and cross-bracing supports and secured with locking devices.
BURLAP - Woven fabric of jute, hemp, or flax, which maybe fused to a backing and used as a wallcovering.
BUTT END - The narrow, untapered end of a gypsum wallboard panel.
BUTT JOINT - Joint where butt ends of gypsum wallboards meet.
BUTT SEAM - A wallcovering seam made by aligning the edge of one wallcovering strip tightly against the next strip without any overlap.
